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According to Islamic theology, the Qur-+an is a revelation very specifically in Arabic, and so it should only be recited in Quranic Arabic. Translations into other languages are necessarily the work of humans and so, according to Muslims, no longer possess the uniquely sacred character of the Arabic original. Since these translations necessarily subtly change the meaning, they are often called "interpretations"[2] or "translation[s] of the meanings" (with "meanings" being ambiguous between the meanings of the various passages and the multiple possible meanings with which each word taken in isolation can be associated, and with the latter connotation amounting to an acknowledgement that the so-called translation is but one possible interpretation and is not claimed to be the full equivalent of the original). For instance, Pickthall called his translation The Meaning of the Glorious Koran rather than simply The Koran.
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In the early thirteenth century, Mark of Toledo made another, more literal, translation into Latin, which survives in several manuscripts. In the fifteenth century, Juan of Segovia produced another translation in collaboration with the Mudejar writer, Isa of Segovia. Only the prologue survives. In the sixteenth century, Juan Gabriel Terrolensis aided Cardenal Eguida da Viterbo in another translation into Latin. In the early seventeenth century, another translation was made, attributed to Cyril Lucaris.
The first translation in a modern European language was in Castilian Spanish or Aragonese by the convert Juan Andr|-s (or so he claims in his Confusi||n o Confutaci||n de la secta mahom|-tica y del alcor|in) but this translation is lost. A few dozen Qur-+an verses into Castilian are found within the Confusi||n itself. There were lost translations in Catalan, one of them by Francesc Pons Saclota in 1382, the other appeared in Perpignan in 1384.[9] Another Romance translation was made into Italian, 1547 by Andrea Arrivabene, derived from Ketenensis'. The Italian translation was used to derive the first German translation Salomon Schweigger in 1616 in Nuremberg, which in turn was used to derive the first Dutch translation in 1641.[1]
With the increasing population of English-speaking Muslims around the start of the 20th century, three Muslim translations of the Qur-+an into English made their first appearance. The first was Muhammad Ali's 1917 translation, which is composed from an Ahmadiyya perspective, with some small parts being rejected as unorthodox by the vast majority of Muslims. This was followed in 1930 by the English convert to Islam Marmaduke Pickthall's more literalist translation.
At the cusp of the 1980s, the 1973 oil crisis, the Iranian Revolution, the Nation of Islam and a new wave of cold-war-generated Muslim immigrants to Europe and North America brought Islam squarely into the public limelight for the first time in Western Europe and North America. This resulted in a wave of translations as Western publishers tried to capitalize on the new demand for English translations of the Qur-+an. Oxford University Press and Penguin Books were all to release editions at this time, as did indeed the Saudi Government, which came out with its own re-tooled version of the original Yusuf Ali translation. Canadian Muslim Professor T. B. Irving's 'modern English' translation (1985) was a major Muslim effort during that time.[citation needed]
In 1996 the Saudi government financed a new translation "the Hilali-Khan Qur-+an" which was distributed free worldwide by the Saudi government. It has been criticized for being in line with their particular interpretation.[19]
In 2000, The Majestic Qur'an: An English Rendition of Its Meanings was published by a committee of four Turkish Sunni scholars who have divided the work as follows: Nurettin Uzuno-flu translated Surahs (chapters) 1 to 8; Tevfik R|++ft|+ Topuzo-flu: 9 to 20; Ali |uzek: 21 to 39; Mehmet Maksuto-flu: 40 to 114. The translation comes with an extensive commentary and annotations in modern standard English, makes it easier to understand than the older translations.
In 2003, the English translation of the 8-volume Ma'ariful Qur'an was completed and the translation of the Qur-+an used for it was newly done by Muhammad Taqi Usmani in collaboration with his brother Wali Raazi Usmani and his teachers, Professors Hasan Askari and Muhammad Shameem.
In 2009, Wahiduddin Khan translated the Qur-+an in English, which was published by Goodword Books entitled The Qur-+an: Translation and Commentary with Parallel Arabic Text. This translation is considered as the easiest to understand due to simple and modern English. The pocket-size version of this translation with only English text is widely distributed as part of dawah work. [32][33]
In 2015, Mustafa Khattab of Al-Azhar University completed The Clear Qur-+an: A Thematic English Translation, after three years of collaboration with a team of scholars, editors, and proof-readers. Noted for its clarity, accuracy, and flow, this work is believed to be the first English translation done in Canada.[34]
In 2018, Musharraf Hussain released The Majestic Quran: A Plain English Translation, a reader-friendly presentation of the translation of the Qur-+an aiming to help readers understand the topic being read, and learn the moving and transformative message of the Qur-+an. There are 1500 sections with headings. Approved by Dar al-Ifta' al-Misriyya (Egyptian institute of Fatwas).[36]
In 2023, a new translation of the Quran was produced through a collaboration between Talal Itani and artificial intelligence. This translation is noted for its attempt to balance readability with linguistic precision. It aims to be accessible to a wide range of readers, including children and adults, as well as both Muslims and non-Muslims. The translation strives for a non-sectarian approach and emphasizes grammatical accuracy. The collaboration between Itani, a scholar in Quranic studies, and machine learning algorithms represents an innovative approach in the field of Quran translations.
Besides many translated Qur-+anic exegesis are available in Bengali language.[44] Mohammad Akram Khan translated the 30th chapter of the Quran with commentary in 1926. In 1938, Muhammad Naqibullah Khan published a Bengali translation.[45] Muhiuddin Khan was also a known Bangladeshi who translated the Ma-+arif al-Qur-+an into Bengali.
The first Modern Urdu translation was done by Shah Abdul Qadir, son of Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlawi, in 1826. A wide accepted translation of Quran in both Hindi and Urdu was done by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan in 1911 named as Kanzul Iman. One of the authentic translations of the Qur-+an in Urdu was done by Abul A'la Maududi and was named Tafhimu'l-Qur'an. Molana Ashiq Elahi Merathi also translated the Qur-+an in Urdu. Tafseer e Merathi is a renowned translation of Qur-+an along with tarsier and Shan e Nazool in Urdu by Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri, In 1961 Mafhoom-ul-Quran was written by Ghulam Ahmed Perwez.[52] In 1985, Maulana Wahiduddin Khan wrote the Urdu Translation and Commentary titled Tazkirul Quran. He also translated Quran in Hindi.[53][54] Arshad Madani & Pro Sulaiman translated Hindi Quran titled, Quran Sharif: Anuvad aur Vakhya in 1991. Irfan-ul-Qur-+an is an Urdu translation by Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri.[55][Mutalaeh Qur-+an +a+++o+a+|#U +e+#+o+a] by ABDULLAH, 2014, is an Urdu Translation.[56]
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