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The radiation and geographic expansion of primates through diverse climates
Abstract
One of the most influential hypotheses about primate evolution
postulates that their origin, radiation, and major dispersals were associated with exceptionally warm conditions in tropical forests at northern latitudes (henceforth the warm tropical forest hypothesis). However, this notion has proven difficult to test given the overall uncertainty about both geographic locations and paleoclimates of
ancestral species. By the resolution of both challenges, we reveal that early primates dispersed and radiated in higher latitudes, through
diverse climates, including cold, arid, and temperate conditions.
Contrary to expectations of the warm tropical forest hypothesis, warmer global temperatures had no effect on dispersal distances or the
speciation rate. Rather, the amount of change in local temperature and precipitation substantially predicted geographic and species diversity.
Our results suggest that nontropical, changeable environments exerted
strong selective pressures on primates with higher dispersal ability rCo promoting the primate radiation and their subsequent colonization of tropical climates millions of years after their origin.
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2423833122