From Newsgroup: alt.philosophy.taoism
aye <
user8028@newsgrouper.org.invalid> posted:
Mahjong fan posted:
The hexagram ...
It is uncertain to me if hexagrams are Taoist.
Given a sense of TTC 38 they would occur
long after Tao, Te and other forms were lost.
Just how lost could be a question.
- thanks! aye. Cheers!
Here is the translation of the provided text:
**1. Historical Origin: It is "pre-Daoist," not "non-Daoist."**
As mentioned earlier, the hexagrams originated around the transition between the Shang and Zhou dynasties, a time when the distinctions of "Daoism" or "Confucianism" did not yet exist. They were part of the shamanic-historical culture of that era, the learning of the royal court. Therefore, they are indeed a heritage of the entire Chinese people, not the patent of any single school of thought.
**2. Philosophical Spirit: Daoist interpretation gave it new life.**
Although the hexagram system is ancient, the later philosophical interpretations of it were deeply imprinted with Daoist characteristics. The influence of Daoism on the *Yijing* is mainly reflected in:
* **Alignment of Core Concepts:** The *Yijing* speaks of "Yin and Yang," while Daoism speaks of "the Dao emulating what is natural" (Dao Fa Zi Ran). The *Yijing* speaks of "change," while Daoism speaks of "reversal is the movement of the Dao" (Fan Zhe Dao Zhi Dong). Daoism uses the spirit of "non-being" (Wu), "emptiness" (Xu), and "stillness" (Jing) to interpret the changes of the hexagrams, elevating the *Yijing* from a manual for divination to a philosophical classic.
* **The Thinking of "Image" (Xiang):** Daoism emphasizes "getting the meaning and forgetting the words" (De Yi Wang Yan), while the *Yijing* emphasizes "establishing images to fully express the meaning" (Li Xiang Yi Jin Yi). This way of grasping the cosmic laws (the Dao) through concrete images (the hexagrams), combined with the Daoist dialectical expression of "the Dao that can be spoken is not the eternal Dao," jointly shaped the characteristics of Chinese philosophy that value intuition and imagery.
**3. How Daoism "Digested" the *Yijing***
Daoism did not reject the *Yijing* because of its antiquity; instead, it absorbed it as a tool for cultivation and explaining the world:
* **Integration with Cosmology:** Daoist scholars (especially later religious Daoism) combined the eight-trigram system of the *Yijing* with the generative theory of "the Dao produces One, One produces Two, Two produces Three, and Three produces all things," using the hexagrams to depict the process of the Dao transforming and generating the myriad things.
* **Internal Alchemy Practice:** In Daoist Neidan (internal alchemy), the hexagrams of the *Yijing* (such as Kan and Li, Qian and Kun) are used to describe the movement of vital energy (Qi) and essence within the human body, as well as the firing process of alchemical refinement. At this point, the hexagrams become a precise operational model.
**4. Returning to *Tao Te Ching*, Chapter 38: Why There's No Conflict**
The "loss" issue you are concerned about has an ingenious solution within Daoist thought:
* **Tool and Purpose:** In the eyes of one who has attained the Dao, the hexagrams are indeed a product of "loss." But those who are "lost" need a "map" to guide the way.
* **Borrow the False to Cultivate the True (Jie Jia Xiu Zhen):** Daoism believes that people can use the hexagrams, which are "false" (limited symbols), to comprehend the "true" (the unlimited "Dao"). Once you have understood the principles of change through the hexagrams, you can ultimately reach the state where "those who are good at the *Yijing* do not divine" (Shan Yi Zhe Bu Bu) rCo no longer relying on the hexagrams, because you are already walking in harmony with the Dao.
**Conclusion**
Therefore, it cannot be said that the *Yijing* is unrelated to Daoism. A more accurate statement is:
**The *Yijing* is the root; Daoism (and Confucianism) are the trees.**
* **The Root:** Provided the basic framework of "Yin-Yang," "change," and "image-number" (Xiang Shu).
* **Daoism:** Watered it with the spiritual nutrients of "naturalness" (Zi Ran), "non-action" (Wu Wei), and "emptiness-stillness" (Xu Jing), allowing this tree to blossom with unique philosophical flowers.
Daoism's attitude towards the *Yijing* is a kind of "using its force": acknowledging it as ancient wisdom, but needing to harness it with the higher level of the "Dao." As Zhuangzi said: "The fish trap exists because of the fish; once you've gotten the fish, you can forget the trap." The hexagrams are the "trap," and the "Dao" is the fish.
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