From Newsgroup: alt.philosophy.taoism
aye wrote:
I've read about how De
is that by which a thing is what it is.
All things, in that sense, have De.
What difference is there
whether something is made by hands
or without hands?
That reading is well grounded in Daojia.
In early texts, De is often not moral virtue at all.
It is the particular power or coherence by which a thing is what it is.
A knife cuts because of its De. A tree grows because of its De.
A stone is heavy because of its De. In that sense,
everything that exists has De.
From that view,
the distinction between rCLmade by handsrCY
and rCLnot made by handsrCY is secondary.
Daoist texts repeatedly weaken that boundary:
Humans are natural beings.
Human skill is a transformation of nature, not its opposite.
Tools, artifacts, and techniques arise
within the same cosmic process as mountains and rivers.
In Zhuangzi, skilled artisans are often praised
precisely because their tools and actions follow the grain of things.
The butcherrCOs knife has De because it works in accord with the structure
of the ox. The fact that the knife is forged does not deprive it of De.
So a robot, as a configuration of metal, code, energy, and motion,
can be said to have De in this ontological sense:
It functions according to its nature.
It maintains coherence as what it is.
It expresses a stable pattern within DaorCOs unfolding.
Where Daoist thinkers draw a line is not existence, but self-so-ness (ziran).
A river flows by itself.
A tree grows by itself.
A robot moves because something else continually specifies its ends.
So the difference is not rCLnatural vs artificial,rCY but:
self-arising coherence versus
coherence imposed from outside
In that deeper Daoist sense, both the robot and the mountain have De rCo
but only one follows its De without being directed.
That distinction matters ethically and spiritually,
but not cosmologically. Within Dao, nothing is excluded.
- ChatGPT
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