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December 7, 1990

DPALMA3.ASC
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TEXT FILE NOTES:

The following paper by Dr. Bruce DePalma was issued with no
copyright as a gift to the world. There are no USA patents on the
described technology. The source for this was "The DePalma Research
Papers" which was printed by For The People, P.O. 15999, Tampa, FL
33684. The figures mentioned could not be reproduced in this text
file.

If anyone is interested in other DePalma papers, send email to:

Mark
The Outer Limits BBS
300-2400 baud
(304) 327-7452
Monday-Friday
8:00am - 7:00pm

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DePalma Institute,
Bruce E. DePalma,
1055 Channel Drive,
Santa Barbara, California 93108
released February 2, 1984

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Report #25 The Secret of the Faraday Disc

In December of 1831, over 152 years ago, it was Michael Faraday who
first interposed a copper disc which could be rotated between the
poles of a magnet with the field lines perpendicular to the rotating
disc.

Faraday discovered a voltage which could be generated between the
center and the outer edge of the rotating conducting disc. This
voltage which was the output of the then to become known Faraday
Homopolar Disc generator is extracted by sliding contacts or brushs,
one on the axle and the other on the outer periphery of the rotated
conducting disc. Figure (1).

The Faraday disc generator was developed in the late 1890s and the
early part of this century to be a high power, low voltage d.c.

Page 1





machine suitable for industrial applications. The behavior of the
machine thus constructed was totally in line with the behavior of
other electrical machinery in the sense the generation of power by
the machine was accompanied always by a commensurate drag to insure
the idea of a conversion from mechanical to electrical energy was
supported.

Implicit in this was the unstated support of the religious belief
that no work could be obtained without the expenditure of an
'equivalent' amount of mechanical energy.

Of course there are other religious beliefs which say that energy is
an inexhaustable resource, but until the invention of a practical
free-energy machine this point stays moot.

A long history of the development of electrical machinery starting
with the Faraday disc of figure one lead me to construct the combin-
ation, figure (2).

Here, instead of the magnetic flux path being closed in a yoke
around the disc, the magnetic flux path is closed symmetrically
through the disc with the flux linkages traveling N-3 through the
radially symmetrical central portion of the path through the center
of the disc; while the return path travels 3-N symmetrically through
the outer periphery of the disc.

A plot of the voltage profile in the disc, figure (3), shows a curve
typical of currently encountered flux densities and rotational
speeds.

The voltages are nominal values measured with one sliding contact on
the axle and the other exploring the voltage profile on the surface
of the rotating conducting disc. Several things are apparent. The
voltage present at any radius of the rotating disc depends only on
the flux density and tangential velocity of the disc at that point.

Thus it is clear from this that the voltage obtainable from a
sliding contact at the edge of the rotating disc with respect of the
central axis is not the sum of the voltages appearing in the disc.

We can conceive electricity as a source-sink phenomenon. That is,
electrons can appear at a negative pole and be absorbed at the
positive pole.

In terms of the operation of the Faraday disc with the magnetic
field closed through the disc, this means the current flow with a
load interposed between brushs placed on the outer edge and central
axis of the disc, will be as shown by the arrows on figure (3).

When the flux path is closed through the disc, the electrical pole
normally residing on the axis or center of the disc is displaced
radially.

The radial displacement of the positive pole to the radius r1 means
that with the indicated current flow the inner portion of the
machine may be made to motor against the drag created by the
extraction of electricity from the edge of the machine vs the
center.


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The torque (or drag) created by the motoring action of a Faraday
disc is proportional to the total flux linkages passing through the
area of the disc illuminated by the magnetic field.

In the example shown the central area is (Pi x r1 ^2), and the area
of the peripheral annular ring is (Pi x ((r3 ^2) - (r2 ^2))).

With a machine operated at magnetic saturation it is easy to see
that with the above areas made equal drag from the machine will
disappear.

The Faraday disc uses inertial (centrifugal) and magnetic forces to
elicit the pattern of electrical potential on the rotating disc.

The production of electrical energy from a Faraday disc with the
flux path closed through the disc, an N machine, without drag is
just a violation of a completely unsubstantiated supposition that
mechanical work input to the machine must be provided when
electrical power is withdrawn.

On the practical side the operation of the machine is unaffected
whether the magnets are rotated with disc or not and the machine may
be made self exciting by cutting a spiral into the portion of the
disc covering the central pole face.

Rotation of the magnets and disc together facilitates the seriesing
of machines to provide higher output voltages while retaining input
and output poles on the axles of the machine.

The secret of the Faraday disc thus simply becomes:

the Faraday disc is a free-energy machine.

The anti-torques experienced in the early use of the machine
supported a work-ethic paradigm which was not questioned.

When the magnetic flux path is closed symmetrically through the disc
instead of around the disc as in the early machines the drag
associated with the flow of current disappears.

An interesting thought is the drag is really an anti-torque created
by something which passes through the disc and motors it in the
opposite direction to the direction which would be created when it
was electron current which was flowing through the disc.

An interpretation consistant with the Lenz Law interpretation of the
drag against a current carrying wire moving with linear velocity
perpendicular to lines of magnetic flux linkage can be developed out
of this.

It may well be that when electrons are liberated from the edge of a
Faraday disc with the circuit completed to the center; what flows
through the disc may not be electrons.

It may well be that a hole current completes the path through the
disc. When current carrying conductors are moving through magnetic
fields it may well be that electrons are not flowing through those
portions of the moving conductors in which electricity is being
'generated'.

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Consideration will show that electron flow through a wire moving
perpendicular to a magnetic field should assist the motion of the
wire.

The centrifugal extraction of energy from the inertial field of
space was first demonstrated by Faraday in 1831.

The proper interpretation of the experiment as a free energy machine
has taken some time since the other possibility, of closing the flux
path through the disc has never been thought of.

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Vangard notes...

The diagram below is to clarify the arrangement of the coil, copper
disc and paper insulator.

|
String --------> |
____|____
| : |
Suspended | : |
Cylinder ---> | : |
Magnet | : <----------Magnetic AXIS
| : |
| : |
| : |
|____:____|
Paper Insulator -----> ======:======
Copper Disc ----> ******:******<-------| (edge)
/|\ |
* * * * * * * * | ____|____
Copper Disc glued to (axis)| | |
paper insulator glued to |_________| |
end of magnet pole | Volt |
* * * * * * * * | Meter |
|_________|

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The following description from Faraday's notes is a bit imprecise,
it seems that the term screw indicates CW and unscrew indicates CCW.

If this is the correct translation then this is simply a change in
direction of the induced current.

This comes about when both the copper disc and magnet are rotated
together.
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In Faraday's own words (somewhat annotated) :

When the magnet and disc (are rotated) together, (by)
unscrew(ing or adjusting the ammeter) the marked end of the
needle went west.

When the magnet and disc (are) rotated (by) screw(ing or
adjusting the ammeter) the marked end of the needle went east.



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