• Re: The momentum - a cotangent vector?

    From ram@ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de (Stefan Ram) to sci.physics.research on Fri Dec 5 13:41:20 2025
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics.research

    Hendrik van Hees <hees@itp.uni-frankfurt.de> wrote or quoted:
    In the Lagrange formalism you deal with curves x^j(t) and
    d_t x^j(t)=\dot{x}^j
    obviously transform like vector components, and the Lagrangian should be
    a scalar. since the \dot{x}^j are vector components, and thus
    p_j = \partial L/\partial \dot{x}^j
    are the components of a co-vector.

    Now I see that this explanation is also given in [1], where
    the author writes in "2.3c. The Phase Space in Mechanics",

    |For the present we wish merely to draw attention to certain
    |basic aspects that seem mysterious when treated in most
    |physics texts, largely because they draw no distinction there
    |between vectors and covectors.

    and

    |Hamilton was led to define the functions
    |p_i(q,q.):=dL/dq.^i (2.26)
    . . .
    |Equation (2.26) is then to be considered
    |not as a change of coordinates in TM but
    |rather as the local description of a map
    |p: TM --> T*M
    |/from the tangent bundle to the cotangent
    |bundle/.

    after he has shown that the components of "p" transform
    like the components of a covector.

    [1] "The Geometry of Physics" (2001) - Theodore Frankel.
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