• energy and mass (was: usenet weirdness)

    From ram@ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de (Stefan Ram) to sci.electronics.design,sci.physics on Tue Feb 10 20:32:19 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Phil Hobbs <pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net> wrote or quoted:
    DoesnrCOt work thoughrCothe energy has mass too.

    Energy does not always have mass. Counterexample:
    A photon - it has energy, but no mass.

    Newsgroups: sci.electronics.design,sci.physics
    Followup-To: sci.physics
    Subject changed


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  • From Martin Brown@'''newspam'''@nonad.co.uk to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Tue Feb 10 21:36:59 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 10/02/2026 20:32, Stefan Ram wrote:
    Phil Hobbs <pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net> wrote or quoted:

    DoesnrCOt work thoughrCothe energy has mass too.

    Energy does not always have mass. Counterexample:
    A photon - it has energy, but no mass.

    A photon has no *rest mass* - which not quite the same thing.
    --
    Martin Brown

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  • From ram@ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de (Stefan Ram) to sci.electronics.design,sci.physics on Tue Feb 10 21:58:30 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Two gamma rays (zero mass total) can collide to produce a particle
    pair (which has mass.)

    Let's call the momenta of the two photons p0 and p1.

    We may assume p1 = -p0 as the two photons are moving towards
    each other from opposite directions. Let's call the momentum
    of the system of these two photons "p", then we have:

    p = p0 + p1 = p0 +( -p0 )= p0 - p0 = 0

    . Let's call the energy of this pair "E" and its mass "m". From

    E^2 = m^2 + p^2

    (in units with c=1) and

    p = 0

    , we get,

    E^2 = m^2

    for the pair. I.e., all its energy is mass. And this is the
    mass the particle pair has after the collision.

    Newsgroups: sci.electronics.design,sci.physics
    Followup-To: sci.physics
    Subject changed.


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  • From Phil Hobbs@pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net to sci.electronics.design,sci.physics on Tue Feb 10 22:42:16 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Stefan Ram <ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de> wrote:
    Phil Hobbs <pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net> wrote or quoted:
    DoesnrCOt work thoughrCothe energy has mass too.

    Energy does not always have mass. Counterexample:
    A photon - it has energy, but no mass.

    Newsgroups: sci.electronics.design,sci.physics
    Followup-To: sci.physics
    Subject changed




    No *rest* mass. But a photon is never at rest.
    --
    Dr Philip C D Hobbs Principal Consultant ElectroOptical Innovations LLC / Hobbs ElectroOptics Optics, Electro-optics, Photonics, Analog Electronics
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  • From john larkin@jl@glen--canyon.com to sci.physics on Tue Feb 10 15:07:21 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 10 Feb 2026 21:58:30 GMT, ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de (Stefan Ram)
    wrote:

    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Two gamma rays (zero mass total) can collide to produce a particle
    pair (which has mass.)

    Let's call the momenta of the two photons p0 and p1.

    We may assume p1 = -p0 as the two photons are moving towards
    each other from opposite directions. Let's call the momentum
    of the system of these two photons "p", then we have:

    p = p0 + p1 = p0 +( -p0 )= p0 - p0 = 0

    . Let's call the energy of this pair "E" and its mass "m". From

    E^2 = m^2 + p^2

    (in units with c=1) and

    p = 0

    , we get,

    E^2 = m^2

    for the pair. I.e., all its energy is mass. And this is the
    mass the particle pair has after the collision.

    Newsgroups: sci.electronics.design,sci.physics
    Followup-To: sci.physics
    Subject changed.


    The gamma rays had no gravitational effect on the rest of the mass in
    the universe, up until the instant that they collided to form a
    particle pair. Then a gravitational object magically appeared.

    Does't that create a spherical, symmetric, expanding bubble of
    gravity?

    I'm just an engineer, but I think this is real. People say it's not
    technically possible, or that the efffect is too small to worry about,
    or some other excuse for not saying that it could happen.




    John Larkin
    Highland Tech Glen Canyon Design Center
    Lunatic Fringe Electronics
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  • From john larkin@jl@glen--canyon.com to sci.physics on Tue Feb 10 15:09:00 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On Tue, 10 Feb 2026 22:42:16 -0000 (UTC), Phil Hobbs <pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net> wrote:

    Stefan Ram <ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de> wrote:
    Phil Hobbs <pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net> wrote or quoted:
    DoesnAt work thoughuthe energy has mass too.

    Energy does not always have mass. Counterexample:
    A photon - it has energy, but no mass.

    Newsgroups: sci.electronics.design,sci.physics
    Followup-To: sci.physics
    Subject changed




    No *rest* mass. But a photon is never at rest.

    Dang, I was going to say that.


    John Larkin
    Highland Tech Glen Canyon Design Center
    Lunatic Fringe Electronics
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  • From john larkin@jl@glen--canyon.com to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Tue Feb 10 15:40:37 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On Tue, 10 Feb 2026 22:42:16 -0000 (UTC), Phil Hobbs <pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net> wrote:

    Stefan Ram <ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de> wrote:
    Phil Hobbs <pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net> wrote or quoted:
    DoesnAt work thoughuthe energy has mass too.

    Energy does not always have mass. Counterexample:
    A photon - it has energy, but no mass.

    Newsgroups: sci.electronics.design,sci.physics
    Followup-To: sci.physics
    Subject changed




    No *rest* mass. But a photon is never at rest.

    Dang, I was going to say that.


    John Larkin
    Highland Tech Glen Canyon Design Center
    Lunatic Fringe Electronics
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  • From ram@ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de (Stefan Ram) to sci.physics on Tue Feb 10 23:47:18 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    The gamma rays had no gravitational effect on the rest of the mass in
    the universe, up until the instant that they collided to form a
    particle pair. Then a gravitational object magically appeared.

    As I argued before, that pair of photons /does/ have mass.

    But even if it would /not/ have mass. The source of gravity is
    not mass, but energy-momentum (the energy-momentum tensor T)
    (in general relativity).

    A photon passing by the sun is attracted to it. To conserve
    momentum, the sun must also be attracted by the photon!

    I'm just an engineer, but I think this is real.

    John Bardeen, the only person to win two Nobel Prizes in Physics
    (for the transistor and superconductivity), earned both his
    bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering before
    switching to mathematical physics at Princeton. He is thus
    one example of a great physicist trained as an engineer.


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  • From john larkin@jl@glen--canyon.com to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Tue Feb 10 15:49:50 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 10 Feb 2026 21:58:30 GMT, ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de (Stefan Ram)
    wrote:

    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Two gamma rays (zero mass total) can collide to produce a particle
    pair (which has mass.)

    Let's call the momenta of the two photons p0 and p1.

    We may assume p1 = -p0 as the two photons are moving towards
    each other from opposite directions. Let's call the momentum
    of the system of these two photons "p", then we have:

    p = p0 + p1 = p0 +( -p0 )= p0 - p0 = 0

    . Let's call the energy of this pair "E" and its mass "m". From

    E^2 = m^2 + p^2

    (in units with c=1) and

    p = 0

    , we get,

    E^2 = m^2

    for the pair. I.e., all its energy is mass. And this is the
    mass the particle pair has after the collision.

    Newsgroups: sci.electronics.design,sci.physics
    Followup-To: sci.physics
    Subject changed.


    The gamma rays had no gravitational effect on the rest of the mass in
    the universe, up until the instant that they collided to form a
    particle pair. Then a gravitational object magically appeared.

    Does't that create a spherical, symmetric, expanding bubble of
    gravity?

    I'm just an engineer, but I think this is real. People say it's not
    technically possible, or that the efffect is too small to worry about,
    or some other excuse for not saying that it could happen.

    There is an electrical equivalent. A metal sphere could suddenly
    become charged, and it would create a symmetric e-field pulse that
    expands at the speed of light, like a wave, but it isn't
    electromagnetic.

    I guess that you can't make an antenna that radiates em waves
    symmetrically in all directions.

    John Larkin
    Highland Tech Glen Canyon Design Center
    Lunatic Fringe Electronics
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  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Wed Feb 11 02:11:34 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Martin Brown wrote:
    On 10/02/2026 20:32, Stefan Ram wrote:
    Phil Hobbs <pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net> wrote or quoted:
    DoesnrCOt work thoughrCothe energy has mass too.

    Energy does not always have mass.

    Energy, like mass, is a physical quantity; a property of a physical system
    e.g. of an object. It is not an object itself, so it *cannot* "have mass", *ever*.

    Counterexample:
    A photon - it has energy, but no mass.

    More precisely, for various good reasons its mass is assumed to be zero,
    and therefore is zero in the Standard Model of particle physics. (Its *effective* mass inside a superconductor is not zero.)

    A photon has no *rest mass* - which not quite the same thing.

    The concepts of "rest mass" and "relativistic mass" have been obsolete since 1984 at the latest. (They had been deprecated by Einstein, who did not introduce them, in 1948 already.)

    In modern physics, by "mass" we mean that which was called "rest mass"
    before. (That) mass is a scalar quantity, therefore frame-invariant: it
    does NOT depend on the choice of rest frame of reference, and therefore does NOT change as the relative speed of an object changes:

    m = 1/c reU(p_b p^b),

    where p^b is a component of the four-momentum, and Einstein summation is to
    be used.

    See also:

    Thomas Lahn: Special Relativity (YouTube playlist)
    Fermilab: Is relativistic mass real? <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTJauaefTZM&list=PL41EYJuJ5YuAb924jH_kYW5vszLfNaPWI&index=3>

    F'up2 sci.physics.relativity
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.
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  • From Phil Hobbs@pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net to sci.electronics.design,sci.physics on Wed Feb 11 01:19:32 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote:
    On 10 Feb 2026 21:58:30 GMT, ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de (Stefan Ram)
    wrote:

    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Two gamma rays (zero mass total) can collide to produce a particle
    pair (which has mass.)

    Let's call the momenta of the two photons p0 and p1.

    We may assume p1 = -p0 as the two photons are moving towards
    each other from opposite directions. Let's call the momentum
    of the system of these two photons "p", then we have:

    p = p0 + p1 = p0 +( -p0 )= p0 - p0 = 0

    . Let's call the energy of this pair "E" and its mass "m". From

    E^2 = m^2 + p^2

    (in units with c=1) and

    p = 0

    , we get,

    E^2 = m^2

    for the pair. I.e., all its energy is mass. And this is the
    mass the particle pair has after the collision.

    Newsgroups: sci.electronics.design,sci.physics
    Followup-To: sci.physics
    Subject changed.


    The gamma rays had no gravitational effect on the rest of the mass in
    the universe, up until the instant that they collided to form a
    particle pair. Then a gravitational object magically appeared.

    The gammas together had the same mass as the particle pair.


    Does't that create a spherical, symmetric, expanding bubble of
    gravity?

    I'm just an engineer, but I think this is real. People say it's not technically possible, or that the efffect is too small to worry about,
    or some other excuse for not saying that it could happen.

    There is an electrical equivalent. A metal sphere could suddenly
    become charged, and it would create a symmetric e-field pulse that
    expands at the speed of light, like a wave, but it isn't
    electromagnetic.

    I know of no mechanism for that to occur either. Charge is conserved, so yourCOd have to transport it to or from the sphere.

    Either way, itrCOs an electric current thatrCOs measurable from the time it starts out to the time it gets there.

    I guess that you can't make an antenna that radiates em waves
    symmetrically in all directions.

    Depends on your definition. An antenna with one pair of wires couples to
    one mode of the EM field in free space, and there are no monopole modes. I havenrCOt done the math, but I expect that three crossed dipoles driven 120 degrees apart would be isotropic.

    The phase would be different in different directions. (Note that this
    assumes very small dipolesrCothe usual half-wave wire things would talk to
    each other, which might screw things up.)

    Cheers

    Phil Hobbs
    --
    Dr Philip C D Hobbs Principal Consultant ElectroOptical Innovations LLC / Hobbs ElectroOptics Optics, Electro-optics, Photonics, Analog Electronics
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  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Wed Feb 11 15:23:04 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    john larkin wrote:
    [...] (Stefan Ram) wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Two gamma rays (zero mass total) can collide to produce a particle
    pair (which has mass.)

    [irrelevant and misleading/wrong calculation]

    The gamma rays had no gravitational effect on the rest of the mass in
    the universe,

    Wrong.

    up until the instant that they collided
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    Nonsense.

    to form a particle pair.

    Wrong.

    Then a gravitational object magically appeared.

    Wrong. Since the postulation and confirmation of general relativity we know that gravitational effects are not (solely) based on mass, but rather more generally on the density of stress, energy, and momentum:

    The Einstein Field Equations are in units where c = 1

    G_ab + Lambda g_ab = 8pi G T_ab,

    where

    G_ab = R_ab - 1/2 R g_ab

    is (a component of) the Einstein tensor, R_ab is the Ricci curvature tensor, g_ab is the metric tensor, R = g^ab R_ab is the Ricci curvature scalar,
    Lambda is the cosmological constant, and T_ab is the
    (stress--)energy--momentum tensor.

    Gravitional effects are understood (in GR) as a consequence of the curvature
    of spacetime which is described by the quantities on the left-hand side of
    the equations.

    The energy--momentum tensor of a 1+3-dimensional spacetime has 16
    components, but it is antisymmetric so only 10 of them are unique. Anyhow,
    the time--time component is proportional to the energy density which is at relative rest is proportional to the mass density:

    T_00 ~ rho_E ~ dE_0/dV = c^2 dm/dV = c^2 rho_m.

    Does't that create a spherical, symmetric, expanding bubble of gravity?

    It does not.

    I'm just an engineer,

    IOW: This is way over your head.

    As an engineer, though, you should appreciate the requirement to agree and conform to standards. That includes network standards which you keep
    violating by your address munging:

    <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5536.html#section-3.1.2>

    but I think this is real.

    It is not. You are arguing from your ignorance.

    People say it's not technically possible,

    It is possible, just very difficult:

    The total energy of both photons has at least to be equal to the sum of the rest energies of the particle and antiparticle.

    You would have to separate the particle and the antiparticle to prevent them from annihilating again, which means that the total energy of both photons
    has to be much larger than the sum of the rest energies of the particle and
    the antiparticle. You need energy for the magnetic fields that keep them separated.

    or that the efffect is too small to worry about,

    A single electron is not very useful, indeed, and you need more energy to produce it this way than it could do usable work because it needs kinetic energy *and* rest energy E_0 = m_e c^2.

    or some other excuse for not saying that it could happen.

    There is an electrical equivalent. A metal sphere could suddenly
    become charged,

    No, the total electric charge is conserved. What happens in "charging" is
    that electric charge is added from or removed to somewhere else.

    Electric charge can also be "induced" by bringing an electrically charge in
    the vicinity of an electrically neutral object. Then the carriers of
    electric charge in the formerly neutral object arrange themselves such that
    the distribution of electric charge is no longer uniform:

    .---------. ,---------.
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (-) (+) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (-) (+) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (-) (+) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (-) (+) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (-) (+) : : (+) (-) :
    '---------' '---------'

    Some time later:

    .---------. ,---------.
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    '---------' '---------'

    and it would create a symmetric e-field pulse that
    expands at the speed of light, like a wave, but it isn't
    electromagnetic.

    Nonsense. A changing electric field induces a magnetic field, and a
    changing magnetic field induces an electric field:

    rec |u B = ++reC J + (1/c^2) reeE/reet,
    rec |u E = -reeB/reet.
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.

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  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.electronics.design,sci.physics on Wed Feb 11 16:32:41 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Phil Hobbs wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote:
    The gamma rays had no gravitational effect on the rest of the mass in
    the universe, up until the instant that they collided to form a
    particle pair. Then a gravitational object magically appeared.

    The gammas together had the same mass as the particle pair.

    No, they had the same _energy_ even though their mass was _zero_.

    F'up2 sci.physics.relativity
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.

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  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics.relativity,sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Wed Feb 11 17:21:43 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn wrote:
    The Einstein Field Equations are in units where c = 1

    G_ab + Lambda g_ab = 8pi G T_ab,

    where

    G_ab = R_ab - 1/2 R g_ab

    is (a component of) the Einstein tensor, R_ab is the Ricci curvature tensor, g_ab is the metric tensor, R = g^ab R_ab is the Ricci curvature scalar, Lambda is the cosmological constant, and T_ab is the (stress--)energy--momentum tensor.

    Gravitional effects are understood (in GR) as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime which is described by the quantities on the left-hand side of the equations.

    The energy--momentum tensor of a 1+3-dimensional spacetime has 16
    components, but it is antisymmetric so only 10 of them are unique.

    Sorry, it's _symmetric_, of course --

    (T_00 T_01 T_02 T_03) (T_00 T_01 T_02 T_03)
    (T_10 T_11 T_12 T_13) = (T_01 T_11 T_12 T_13).
    (T_20 T_21 T_22 T_23) (T_02 T_12 T_22 T_23)
    (T_30 T_31 T_32 T_33) (T_03 T_12 T_23 T_33)
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.
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  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics on Thu Feb 12 02:41:24 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Stefan Ram wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    The gamma rays had no gravitational effect on the rest of the mass in
    the universe, up until the instant that they collided to form a
    particle pair. Then a gravitational object magically appeared.

    As I argued before, that pair of photons /does/ have mass.

    Then you are a hopeless case because a photon has mass _zero_ (in the
    Standard Model of particle physics).

    That is how it not only can, but why (according to special relativity) it
    MUST, propagate at c. We can see that as follows:

    The energy dispersion relation for a photon is E = raA -e(K), and one finds -e(K) = k c, so E = raA k c = raA/(2-C) (2-C/++) c = (raA/++) c. But

    p = raA/++,

    so for a photon

    E = p c.

    The energy-momentum relation for a free particle in Minkowski space is

    E^2 = m^2 c^4 + p^2 c^2 <==> m = 1/c reU(E^2 - p^2 c^2)

    so

    E = p c ==> m = 0. reA

    But even if it would /not/ have mass.

    It does not.

    The source of gravity

    _gravitation_

    is
    not mass, but energy-momentum (the energy-momentum tensor T)
    (in general relativity).

    Correct.

    A photon passing by the sun is attracted to it.

    No, it follows the curvature of spacetime.

    To conserve
    momentum, the sun must also be attracted by the photon!

    /Ex falso quodlibet./
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.
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  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics,sci.physics.relativity on Thu Feb 12 02:43:08 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Stefan Ram wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    The gamma rays had no gravitational effect on the rest of the mass in
    the universe, up until the instant that they collided to form a
    particle pair. Then a gravitational object magically appeared.

    As I argued before, that pair of photons /does/ have mass.

    Then you are a hopeless case because a photon has mass _zero_ (in the
    Standard Model of particle physics).

    That is how it not only can, but why (according to special relativity) it
    MUST, propagate at c. We can see that as follows:

    The energy dispersion relation for a photon is E = raA -e(K), and one finds -e(K) = k c, so E = raA k c = raA/(2-C) (2-C/++) c = (raA/++) c. But

    p = raA/++,

    so for a photon

    E = p c.

    The energy-momentum relation for a free particle in Minkowski space is

    E^2 = m^2 c^4 + p^2 c^2 <==> m = 1/c reU(E^2 - p^2 c^2)

    so

    E = p c ==> m = 0. reA

    But even if it would /not/ have mass.

    It does not.

    The source of gravity

    _gravitation_

    is
    not mass, but energy-momentum (the energy-momentum tensor T)
    (in general relativity).

    Correct.

    A photon passing by the sun is attracted to it.

    No, it follows the curvature of spacetime.

    To conserve
    momentum, the sun must also be attracted by the photon!

    /Ex falso quodlibet./

    F'up2 .relativity
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.
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  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design,sci.physics.relativity on Thu Feb 12 14:55:27 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    john larkin wrote:
    [...] (Stefan Ram) wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Two gamma rays (zero mass total) can collide to produce a particle
    pair (which has mass.)

    [irrelevant and misleading/wrong calculation]

    The gamma rays had no gravitational effect on the rest of the mass in
    the universe,

    Wrong.

    up until the instant that they collided
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    Nonsense.

    to form a particle pair.

    Wrong.

    Then a gravitational object magically appeared.

    Wrong. Since the postulation and confirmation of general relativity we know that gravitational effects are not (solely) based on mass, but rather more generally on the density of stress, energy, and momentum:

    The Einstein Field Equations are in units where c = 1

    G_ab + Lambda g_ab = 8pi G T_ab,

    where

    G_ab = R_ab - 1/2 R g_ab

    is (a component of) the Einstein tensor, R_ab is the Ricci curvature tensor, g_ab is the metric tensor, R = g^ab R_ab is the Ricci curvature scalar,
    Lambda is the cosmological constant, and T_ab is the
    (stress--)energy--momentum tensor.

    Gravitional effects are understood (in GR) as a consequence of the curvature
    of spacetime which is described by the quantities on the left-hand side of
    the equations.

    The energy--momentum tensor of a 1+3-dimensional spacetime has 16
    components, but it is antisymmetric so only 10 of them are unique. Anyhow,
    the time--time component is proportional to the energy density which is at relative rest is proportional to the mass density:

    T_00 ~ rho_E ~ dE_0/dV = c^2 dm/dV = c^2 rho_m.

    Does't that create a spherical, symmetric, expanding bubble of gravity?

    It does not.

    I'm just an engineer,

    IOW: This is way over your head.

    As an engineer, though, you should appreciate the requirement to agree and conform to standards. That includes network standards which you keep
    violating by your address munging:

    <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5536.html#section-3.1.2>

    but I think this is real.

    It is not. You are arguing from your ignorance.

    People say it's not technically possible,

    It is possible, just very difficult:

    The total energy of both photons has at least to be equal to the sum of the rest energies of the particle and antiparticle.

    You would have to separate the particle and the antiparticle to prevent them from annihilating again, which means that the total energy of both photons
    has to be much larger than the sum of the rest energies of the particle and
    the antiparticle. You need energy for the magnetic fields that keep them separated.

    or that the efffect is too small to worry about,

    A single electron is not very useful, indeed, and you need more energy to produce it this way than it could do usable work because it needs kinetic energy *and* rest energy E_0 = m_e c^2.

    or some other excuse for not saying that it could happen.

    There is an electrical equivalent. A metal sphere could suddenly
    become charged,

    No, the total electric charge is conserved. What happens in "charging" is
    that electric charge is added from or removed to somewhere else.

    Electric charge can also be "induced" by bringing an electrically charge in
    the vicinity of an electrically neutral object. Then the carriers of
    electric charge in the formerly neutral object arrange themselves such that
    the distribution of electric charge is no longer uniform:

    .---------. ,---------.
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (-) (+) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (-) (+) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (-) (+) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (-) (+) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (-) (+) : : (+) (-) :
    '---------' '---------'

    Some time later:

    .---------. ,---------.
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    : (+) (-) : : (+) (-) :
    '---------' '---------'

    and it would create a symmetric e-field pulse that
    expands at the speed of light, like a wave, but it isn't
    electromagnetic.

    Nonsense. A changing electric field induces a magnetic field, and a
    changing magnetic field induces an electric field:

    rec |u B = ++reC J + (1/c^2) reeE/reet,
    rec |u E = -reeB/reet.
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.

    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics.relativity,sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Thu Feb 12 14:58:12 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn wrote:
    The Einstein Field Equations are in units where c = 1

    G_ab + Lambda g_ab = 8pi G T_ab,

    where

    G_ab = R_ab - 1/2 R g_ab

    is (a component of) the Einstein tensor, R_ab is the Ricci curvature tensor, g_ab is the metric tensor, R = g^ab R_ab is the Ricci curvature scalar, Lambda is the cosmological constant, and T_ab is the (stress--)energy--momentum tensor.

    Gravitional effects are understood (in GR) as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime which is described by the quantities on the left-hand side of the equations.

    The energy--momentum tensor of a 1+3-dimensional spacetime has 16
    components, but it is antisymmetric so only 10 of them are unique.

    Sorry, it's _symmetric_, of course --

    (T_00 T_01 T_02 T_03) (T_00 T_01 T_02 T_03)
    (T_10 T_11 T_12 T_13) = (T_01 T_11 T_12 T_13).
    (T_20 T_21 T_22 T_23) (T_02 T_12 T_22 T_23)
    (T_30 T_31 T_32 T_33) (T_03 T_13 T_23 T_33)
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.
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  • From Bill Sloman@bill.sloman@ieee.org to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Sat Feb 14 03:17:33 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 11/02/2026 10:49 am, john larkin wrote:
    On 10 Feb 2026 21:58:30 GMT, ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de (Stefan Ram)
    wrote:

    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Two gamma rays (zero mass total) can collide to produce a particle
    pair (which has mass.)

    Let's call the momenta of the two photons p0 and p1.

    We may assume p1 = -p0 as the two photons are moving towards
    each other from opposite directions. Let's call the momentum
    of the system of these two photons "p", then we have:

    p = p0 + p1 = p0 +( -p0 )= p0 - p0 = 0

    . Let's call the energy of this pair "E" and its mass "m". From

    E^2 = m^2 + p^2

    (in units with c=1) and

    p = 0

    , we get,

    E^2 = m^2

    for the pair. I.e., all its energy is mass. And this is the
    mass the particle pair has after the collision.

    Newsgroups: sci.electronics.design,sci.physics
    Followup-To: sci.physics
    Subject changed.


    The gamma rays had no gravitational effect on the rest of the mass in
    the universe, up until the instant that they collided to form a
    particle pair. Then a gravitational object magically appeared.

    That's probably wrong. Energy has mass and the gamma ray photon
    spresumably had exactly the same gravitational effect as the particel
    pair that they created.

    Does't that create a spherical, symmetric, expanding bubble of
    gravity?

    It seems unlikely.

    I'm just an engineer, but I think this is real. People say it's not technically possible, or that the efffect is too small to worry about,
    or some other excuse for not saying that it could happen.

    You probably need to know a bit more science before you can claim to be
    an engineer.

    There is an electrical equivalent. A metal sphere could suddenly
    become charged, and it would create a symmetric e-field pulse that
    expands at the speed of light, like a wave, but it isn't
    electromagnetic.

    Except that an metal sphere couldn't "suddenly become charged" you'd
    have to move charged particles around to create that effect. Charge is conserved.

    I guess that you can't make an antenna that radiates em waves
    symmetrically in all directions.

    Guess work isn't all that interesting.
    --
    Bill Sloman, Sydney

    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From ram@ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de (Stefan Ram) to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Fri Feb 13 16:20:47 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org> wrote or quoted:
    Energy has mass

    Counterexample: The photon. It has energy, but no mass.


    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Bill Sloman@bill.sloman@ieee.org to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Sat Feb 14 07:20:49 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 14/02/2026 3:20 am, Stefan Ram wrote:
    Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org> wrote or quoted:
    Energy has mass

    Counterexample: The photon. It has energy, but no mass.

    Depending on how you define mass. Newton had one definition.

    Einstein had another. Light pressure does imply that a photon has momentum.
    --
    Bill Sloman, Sydney

    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Jeroen Belleman@jeroen@nospam.please to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Fri Feb 13 21:50:01 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 2/13/26 17:20, Stefan Ram wrote:
    Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org> wrote or quoted:
    Energy has mass

    Counterexample: The photon. It has energy, but no mass.



    The photon is an interaction, not a particle. Thinking of
    photons as discrete particles leads to madness.

    Jeroen Belleman
    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From john larkin@jl@glen--canyon.com to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Fri Feb 13 15:03:44 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On Fri, 13 Feb 2026 21:50:01 +0100, Jeroen Belleman
    <jeroen@nospam.please> wrote:

    On 2/13/26 17:20, Stefan Ram wrote:
    Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org> wrote or quoted:
    Energy has mass

    Counterexample: The photon. It has energy, but no mass.



    The photon is an interaction, not a particle. Thinking of
    photons as discrete particles leads to madness.

    Jeroen Belleman

    Wave-particle duality is madness.

    Single photons sure behave like particles, especially the energetic
    ones.

    A gamma sure acts like a particle. It's harder to think about a 1 MHz
    radio wave as a photon, since we are a lot smaller.

    At optical wavelengths, the current from a good photodetector has
    measurable shot noise from the photons. I wonder if there is some
    microwave frequency where the electrical signal would have equivalent
    photon shot noise, or whether thermal and Johnson noises bury the
    effect.

    Physics is fun, if you don't have to do it for a living.


    John Larkin
    Highland Tech Glen Canyon Design Center
    Lunatic Fringe Electronics
    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From ram@ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de (Stefan Ram) to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Fri Feb 13 23:35:18 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Single photons sure behave like particles, especially the energetic
    ones.

    Wave-like interference can be observed in the famous double-slit
    experiment. Now, what happens when we reduce the intensity of the
    incoming light to one single photon? We get one single spot on the
    detector screen! So, does this mean "no wave behavior"? Well, when
    we repeat this with many single photons, one after the other, in
    the end, we get the same interference pattern on that screen created
    by all those dots!

    In 1986, a rigorously controlled experiment was designed by
    Grangier, G. Roger, and A. Aspect, [Europhys Lett. 1(4), p. 173,
    1986] that guaranteed a single-photon beam. The explanation of the
    experimental results implied the interference of the wave function
    of a single-photon with itself. This was disputed in 2018 by
    Parra, but good quantum textbooks like [1] take this for granted.

    [1] "2.1 The photon in the interferometer" in "Quantum Processes,
    Systems, and Information" (2010) - Benjamin Schumacher

    Yes, /that/ Schumacher who coined "qubit"!


    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design,sci.physics.relativity on Sat Feb 14 03:31:39 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Bill Sloman wrote:
    On 14/02/2026 3:20 am, Stefan Ram wrote:
    Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org> wrote or quoted:
    Energy has mass

    Counterexample: The photon. It has energy, but no mass.

    Depending on how you define mass.

    No.

    Newton had one definition.

    Einstein had another.

    No, Einstein's idea of mass is exactly the same as Newton's. Einstein just explains its origin whereas Newton simply postulates it.

    Light pressure does imply that a photon has momentum.

    That does not mean that its mass is non-zero. As I indicated, its momentum
    is given by prau = raA krau where raA = raA/(2-C) is the reduced Planck constant, and
    krau is the wave vector.

    Photons are *relativistic* *quantum* objects; they are *incompatible* with Newtonian mechanics.
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.
    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Sat Feb 14 03:36:16 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Jeroen Belleman wrote:
    On 2/13/26 17:20, Stefan Ram wrote:
    Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org> wrote or quoted:
    Energy has mass

    Counterexample: The photon. It has energy, but no mass.

    Correct.

    The photon is an interaction,

    Nonsense.

    not a particle.

    *facepalm*

    <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model>

    Thinking of photons as discrete particles leads to madness.

    You have no clue (what a "particle" is in particle physics).

    Educate yourself:

    The Science Asylum: What Are Particles? Do They ACTUALLY Exist?! <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS2vI_2faII&list=PLOVL_fPox2K_oFZzJxIU0YIKgTSPu9tcx&index=2>
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.
    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Jeroen Belleman@jeroen@nospam.please to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Sat Feb 14 10:47:10 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 2/14/26 00:35, Stefan Ram wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Single photons sure behave like particles, especially the energetic
    ones.

    Wave-like interference can be observed in the famous double-slit
    experiment. Now, what happens when we reduce the intensity of the
    incoming light to one single photon? We get one single spot on the
    detector screen! So, does this mean "no wave behavior"? Well, when
    we repeat this with many single photons, one after the other, in
    the end, we get the same interference pattern on that screen created
    by all those dots!

    This is misleading. There is no single-photon gun. The only thing
    you can do is to reduce the light intensity to a level where the
    interval between detection events is much longer than the transit
    time of EM waves through the setup. This doesn't demonstrate
    unequivocally that light consists of discrete photons travelling
    from a source to a detector. It just demonstrates that light
    *detection* is quantized.

    Experiments that pretend to prove the particle nature of light
    invariably use tricks with non-linear optics, coincidence detectors
    and statistical foul play. That includes the experiments of Aspect,
    Grangier, Zeilinger, Kwiat, Gisin and numerous others.

    Jeroen Belleman

    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Sat Feb 14 15:21:47 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Jeroen Belleman wrote:
    On 2/14/26 00:35, Stefan Ram wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Single photons sure behave like particles, especially the energetic
    ones.

    Wave-like interference can be observed in the famous double-slit
    experiment. Now, what happens when we reduce the intensity of the
    incoming light to one single photon? We get one single spot on the
    detector screen! So, does this mean "no wave behavior"? Well, when we
    repeat this with many single photons, one after the other, in the end,
    we get the same interference pattern on that screen created by all
    those dots!

    This is misleading. There is no single-photon gun.

    There is:

    Veritasium: Single Photon Interference
    <https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=GzbKb59my3U&list=PL41EYJuJ5YuDB2GGhVEb6lQ6ayYAsntEX&index=7>

    The only thing you can do is to reduce the light intensity to a level
    where the interval between detection events is much longer than the
    transit time of EM waves through the setup.

    Nonsense.

    This doesn't demonstrate unequivocally that light consists of discrete photons travelling from a source to a detector. It just demonstrates
    that light *detection* is quantized.

    In the experiment cited above, the photons were counted before, when they
    did NOT pass through the slits.

    And, of course, that Planck's radiation formula exactly predicts the
    spectral energy distribution of black-body radiation is (and was the first) observational evidence that light energy is actually quantized.

    Experiments that pretend to prove the particle nature of light

    ... which you misunderstand completely ...

    "The Science Asylum: What Are Particles? Do They ACTUALLY Exist?!" <https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=zS2vI_2faII&list=PLOVL_fPox2K_oFZzJxIU0YIKgTSPu9tcx&index=2>

    invariably use tricks with non-linear optics, coincidence detectors and statistical foul play. That includes the experiments of Aspect,
    Grangier, Zeilinger, Kwiat, Gisin and numerous others.

    Yeah, in your mind everybody is "insane", except you. Particularly the
    people who, by contrast to you, have actually studied this :-D

    BTW, by address munging you are violating network standards.
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.
    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Bill Sloman@bill.sloman@ieee.org to sci.physics on Sun Feb 15 02:46:46 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 15/02/2026 1:21 am, Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn wrote:
    Jeroen Belleman wrote:
    On 2/14/26 00:35, Stefan Ram wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Single photons sure behave like particles, especially the energetic
    ones.

    Wave-like interference can be observed in the famous double-slit
    experiment. Now, what happens when we reduce the intensity of the
    incoming light to one single photon? We get one single spot on the
    detector screen! So, does this mean "no wave behavior"? Well, when we
    repeat this with many single photons, one after the other, in the end,
    we get the same interference pattern on that screen created by all
    those dots!

    This is misleading. There is no single-photon gun.

    There is:

    Veritasium: Single Photon Interference
    <https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=GzbKb59my3U&list=PL41EYJuJ5YuDB2GGhVEb6lQ6ayYAsntEX&index=7>

    The only thing you can do is to reduce the light intensity to a level
    where the interval between detection events is much longer than the
    transit time of EM waves through the setup.

    Nonsense.

    This doesn't demonstrate unequivocally that light consists of discrete
    photons travelling from a source to a detector. It just demonstrates
    that light *detection* is quantized.

    In the experiment cited above, the photons were counted before, when they
    did NOT pass through the slits.

    And, of course, that Planck's radiation formula exactly predicts the
    spectral energy distribution of black-body radiation is (and was the first) observational evidence that light energy is actually quantized.

    You've got it exactly backwards. The failure to find formula that
    matched the spectral energy distribution of black body radiation was the "ultraviolet catastrophe" and Max Planck's resort to energy quantisation
    to get a formula fitted the data was a desperate improvisation.

    Einstein's use of energy quantisation to explain the photo-electric
    effect did actually exploit experimental observations, and Planck was initially very dubious about it.

    Experiments that pretend to prove the particle nature of light

    ... which you misunderstand completely ...

    "The Science Asylum: What Are Particles? Do They ACTUALLY Exist?!" <https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=zS2vI_2faII&list=PLOVL_fPox2K_oFZzJxIU0YIKgTSPu9tcx&index=2>

    invariably use tricks with non-linear optics, coincidence detectors and
    statistical foul play. That includes the experiments of Aspect,
    Grangier, Zeilinger, Kwiat, Gisin and numerous others.

    Yeah, in your mind everybody is "insane", except you. Particularly the people who, by contrast to you, have actually studied this :-D

    You don't seem to have studied it all that thoroughly.

    BTW, by address munging you are violating network standards.

    Not that you bother to tell us where we could find them.
    --
    Bill Sloman, Sydney


    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From john larkin@jl@glen--canyon.com to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Sat Feb 14 07:54:20 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On Sat, 14 Feb 2026 10:47:10 +0100, Jeroen Belleman
    <jeroen@nospam.please> wrote:

    On 2/14/26 00:35, Stefan Ram wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Single photons sure behave like particles, especially the energetic
    ones.

    Wave-like interference can be observed in the famous double-slit
    experiment. Now, what happens when we reduce the intensity of the
    incoming light to one single photon? We get one single spot on the
    detector screen! So, does this mean "no wave behavior"? Well, when
    we repeat this with many single photons, one after the other, in
    the end, we get the same interference pattern on that screen created
    by all those dots!

    This is misleading. There is no single-photon gun.

    I recall someone making a laser sort of thing that dispenses a single
    photon periodically.

    The only thing
    you can do is to reduce the light intensity to a level where the
    interval between detection events is much longer than the transit
    time of EM waves through the setup. This doesn't demonstrate
    unequivocally that light consists of discrete photons travelling
    from a source to a detector. It just demonstrates that light
    *detection* is quantized.

    Experiments that pretend to prove the particle nature of light
    invariably use tricks with non-linear optics, coincidence detectors
    and statistical foul play. That includes the experiments of Aspect,
    Grangier, Zeilinger, Kwiat, Gisin and numerous others.

    Jeroen Belleman

    John Larkin
    Highland Tech Glen Canyon Design Center
    Lunatic Fringe Electronics
    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From john larkin@jl@glen--canyon.com to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Sat Feb 14 07:58:05 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On Sat, 14 Feb 2026 15:21:47 +0100, Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn <PointedEars@web.de> wrote:

    Jeroen Belleman wrote:
    On 2/14/26 00:35, Stefan Ram wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Single photons sure behave like particles, especially the energetic
    ones.

    Wave-like interference can be observed in the famous double-slit
    experiment. Now, what happens when we reduce the intensity of the
    incoming light to one single photon? We get one single spot on the
    detector screen! So, does this mean "no wave behavior"? Well, when we
    repeat this with many single photons, one after the other, in the end,
    we get the same interference pattern on that screen created by all
    those dots!

    This is misleading. There is no single-photon gun.

    There is:

    Veritasium: Single Photon Interference
    <https://www.youtube.com/watch? >v=GzbKb59my3U&list=PL41EYJuJ5YuDB2GGhVEb6lQ6ayYAsntEX&index=7>

    The only thing you can do is to reduce the light intensity to a level
    where the interval between detection events is much longer than the
    transit time of EM waves through the setup.

    Nonsense.

    This doesn't demonstrate unequivocally that light consists of discrete
    photons travelling from a source to a detector. It just demonstrates
    that light *detection* is quantized.

    In the experiment cited above, the photons were counted before, when they
    did NOT pass through the slits.

    And, of course, that Planck's radiation formula exactly predicts the
    spectral energy distribution of black-body radiation is (and was the first) >observational evidence that light energy is actually quantized.

    Experiments that pretend to prove the particle nature of light

    ... which you misunderstand completely ...

    "The Science Asylum: What Are Particles? Do They ACTUALLY Exist?!" ><https://www.youtube.com/watch? >v=zS2vI_2faII&list=PLOVL_fPox2K_oFZzJxIU0YIKgTSPu9tcx&index=2>

    invariably use tricks with non-linear optics, coincidence detectors and
    statistical foul play. That includes the experiments of Aspect,
    Grangier, Zeilinger, Kwiat, Gisin and numerous others.

    Yeah, in your mind everybody is "insane", except you. Particularly the >people who, by contrast to you, have actually studied this :-D

    BTW, by address munging you are violating network standards.


    Why are physics types so nasty, so determined to insult?

    In s.e.d., where I'm posting, if a newbie asks a question, most of us
    try to help them, not call them stupid.


    John Larkin
    Highland Tech Glen Canyon Design Center
    Lunatic Fringe Electronics
    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Jeroen Belleman@jeroen@nospam.please to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Sat Feb 14 18:01:05 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 2/14/26 16:54, john larkin wrote:
    On Sat, 14 Feb 2026 10:47:10 +0100, Jeroen Belleman
    <jeroen@nospam.please> wrote:

    On 2/14/26 00:35, Stefan Ram wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Single photons sure behave like particles, especially the energetic
    ones.

    Wave-like interference can be observed in the famous double-slit
    experiment. Now, what happens when we reduce the intensity of the
    incoming light to one single photon? We get one single spot on the
    detector screen! So, does this mean "no wave behavior"? Well, when
    we repeat this with many single photons, one after the other, in
    the end, we get the same interference pattern on that screen created >>> by all those dots!

    This is misleading. There is no single-photon gun.

    I recall someone making a laser sort of thing that dispenses a single
    photon periodically.

    Yeah, sort of. The usual thing is a laser shining on a BBO crystal.
    This produces light of lower frequency. They say 'they split the
    photon into idler and signal photons'. They then say they detect
    one and infer the existence of the other. 'Heralded photons'.

    It's true there will be some degree of correlation, but this is
    not the same as firing individual photons. You can fire individual
    fermions, but photons? No.

    There's a lot of QM nonsense going around. The QM crowd also thought
    that Hanbury-Brown and Twiss couldn't be right. In the end, they were.

    Jeroen Belleman

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  • From Gerhard Hoffmann@dk4xp@arcor.de to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Sat Feb 14 20:52:00 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Am 14.02.26 um 16:54 schrieb john larkin:

    Wave-like interference can be observed in the famous double-slit
    experiment. Now, what happens when we reduce the intensity of the
    incoming light to one single photon? We get one single spot on the
    detector screen! So, does this mean "no wave behavior"? Well, when
    we repeat this with many single photons, one after the other, in
    the end, we get the same interference pattern on that screen created >>> by all those dots!

    This is misleading. There is no single-photon gun.

    I recall someone making a laser sort of thing that dispenses a single
    photon periodically.

    But that has nothing to do with lasers anymore.
    No coherence to anything and so on.

    There is no difference to a starving LED then.
    I succeeded in converting a costly DFB laser to a LED :-(
    It takes just a few usecs until the resonator grid is gone.

    Gerhard


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  • From x@x@x.net to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Sat Feb 14 15:38:05 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 2/13/26 15:35, Stefan Ram wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Single photons sure behave like particles, especially the energetic
    ones.

    Wave-like interference can be observed in the famous double-slit
    experiment. Now, what happens when we reduce the intensity of the
    incoming light to one single photon? We get one single spot on the
    detector screen! So, does this mean "no wave behavior"? Well, when
    we repeat this with many single photons, one after the other, in
    the end, we get the same interference pattern on that screen created
    by all those dots!

    Yea. Beyond that there is an implied 'frequency' or 'wavelength'
    in the theoretical energy or momentum of the photon.

    I think that it is all based upon a esoteric mystical phenomenon
    coming from not defining terms. Point and curve have reasonably
    good meanings in mathematics, but 'particle' and 'wave' are just
    different enough for people to sort of claim they have no meaning
    at all, but then say 'stupid' and back track and bait and switch
    'particle' and 'wave' with 'point' and 'curve'.

    Then of course there is the Fourier transform. Any curve can
    be represented by an set of sine wave equations, just as the
    Laplace transform for exponential equations.

    Probably it is best to just keep it simple. A photon is an
    increment of energy or momentum transfer from the Schrodinger
    equation curve. Beyond that do not get into strange mysticism.

    In 1986, a rigorously controlled experiment was designed by
    Grangier, G. Roger, and A. Aspect, [Europhys Lett. 1(4), p. 173,
    1986] that guaranteed a single-photon beam. The explanation of the
    experimental results implied the interference of the wave function
    of a single-photon with itself. This was disputed in 2018 by
    Parra, but good quantum textbooks like [1] take this for granted.

    [1] "2.1 The photon in the interferometer" in "Quantum Processes,
    Systems, and Information" (2010) - Benjamin Schumacher

    Yes, /that/ Schumacher who coined "qubit"!



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  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics on Sun Feb 15 01:24:38 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Bill Sloman wrote:
    On 15/02/2026 1:21 am, Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn wrote:
    And, of course, that Planck's radiation formula exactly predicts the
    spectral energy distribution of black-body radiation is (and was the first) >> observational evidence that light energy is actually quantized.

    You've got it exactly backwards.

    No, I do not.

    The failure to find formula that
    matched the spectral energy distribution of black body radiation was the "ultraviolet catastrophe" and Max Planck's resort to energy quantisation
    to get a formula fitted the data was a desperate improvisation.

    Nevertheless, this was evidence supporting quantization.

    Einstein's use of energy quantisation to explain the photo-electric
    effect did actually exploit experimental observations, and Planck was initially very dubious about it.

    Irrelevant.

    invariably use tricks with non-linear optics, coincidence detectors and
    statistical foul play. That includes the experiments of Aspect,
    Grangier, Zeilinger, Kwiat, Gisin and numerous others.

    Yeah, in your mind everybody is "insane", except you. Particularly the
    people who, by contrast to you, have actually studied this :-D

    You don't seem to have studied it all that thoroughly.

    LOL

    BTW, by address munging you are violating network standards.

    Not that you bother to tell us where we could find them.

    I already told you three times or more. You simply do not pay enough attention.

    <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5536#section-3.1.2>
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.
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  • From ram@ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de (Stefan Ram) to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Sun Feb 15 17:20:57 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    I recall someone making a laser sort of thing that dispenses a single
    photon periodically.

    So, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle basically says you can't set
    up a state that's got a perfectly fixed number of photons at a su-
    per well-defined frequency. Still, you can study what are called Fock
    states, or number states, if the light field's spread over a pret-
    ty narrow range of frequencies. In that case, a single-photon emitter
    ends up acting like it's kicking out just one photon.

    One of the old-school and simplest tricks to get something close to
    single-photon light was just to tone down a normal laser until the
    average number of photons per pulse was tiny. Since laser light fol-
    lows a Poisson distribution, you can actually play with the odds of
    getting one photon versus more than one. Like, if the average pho-
    ton number mu=0.1, about 90% of the pulses have none, roughly 9% have
    one, and around 1% spit out multiple photons.

    Light from an ideal single-photon source acts totally quantum - it
    shows antibunching, meaning there's always some nonzero delay between
    photon hits. A basic laser doesn't do that; its second-order corre-
    lation function equals one, so no antibunching there. But for stuff
    like quantum cryptography, you need those antibunched photons.

    A perfect single-photon source still doesn't exist, though. Right now,
    people use things like single molecules, Rydberg atoms, diamond color
    centers, or quantum dots to make single photons, and you can actually
    see their antibunching if you set up the experiment right.


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  • From Ross Finlayson@ross.a.finlayson@gmail.com to sci.physics on Tue Feb 17 10:34:13 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 02/17/2026 09:47 AM, Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn wrote:
    Ross Finlayson wrote:
    On 02/17/2026 03:49 AM, J. J. Lodder wrote:
    You forgot about the everlasting tinfoil hats...

    These days they call it "EMF shielding". Or "off-grid".

    Yes, by stupid people.

    F'up2 sci.physics


    Oh, it's well-known that exposure to high-intensity
    radio waves has observable and demonstrable physiological
    effects, some have that for example the various post-natal
    development syndromes since the 90's are highly correlated
    to it ambiently, about a perceived reasoning for a
    "Clean, and Quiet, Air Act", where the "Clean Air Act"
    was a set of regulatory legislation that can definitely
    be related to improved outcomes (in health and life).

    A simple "death ray" can be fabricated for about $15.


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  • From Jeremiah Jones@jj@j.j to sci.physics on Tue Feb 17 20:03:55 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn <PointedEars@web.de> wrote:
    Bill Sloman wrote:
    On 15/02/2026 1:21 am, Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn wrote:
    And, of course, that Planck's radiation formula exactly predicts the
    spectral energy distribution of black-body radiation is (and was the first)
    observational evidence that light energy is actually quantized.

    You've got it exactly backwards.

    No, I do not.

    The failure to find formula that
    matched the spectral energy distribution of black body radiation was the "ultraviolet catastrophe" and Max Planck's resort to energy quantisation to get a formula fitted the data was a desperate improvisation.

    Nevertheless, this was evidence supporting quantization.

    Einstein's use of energy quantisation to explain the photo-electric
    effect did actually exploit experimental observations, and Planck was initially very dubious about it.

    Irrelevant.

    invariably use tricks with non-linear optics, coincidence detectors and >>> statistical foul play. That includes the experiments of Aspect,
    Grangier, Zeilinger, Kwiat, Gisin and numerous others.

    Yeah, in your mind everybody is "insane", except you. Particularly the
    people who, by contrast to you, have actually studied this :-D

    You don't seem to have studied it all that thoroughly.

    LOL

    BTW, by address munging you are violating network standards.

    Not that you bother to tell us where we could find them.

    I already told you three times or more. You simply do not pay enough attention.

    <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5536#section-3.1.2>


    Nope. Doesn't say that.

    Try again, or stop whinging about it.

    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Ross Finlayson@ross.a.finlayson@gmail.com to sci.physics on Wed Feb 18 12:30:11 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 02/18/2026 11:56 AM, Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn wrote:
    Ross Finlayson wrote:
    On 02/18/2026 01:37 AM, J. J. Lodder wrote:
    Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org> wrote:
    On 18/02/2026 5:37 am, Ross Finlayson wrote:
    On 02/17/2026 09:47 AM, Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn wrote:
    Ross Finlayson wrote:
    On 02/17/2026 03:49 AM, J. J. Lodder wrote:
    You forgot about the everlasting tinfoil hats...

    These days they call it "EMF shielding". Or "off-grid".

    Yes, by stupid people.

    Oh, it's well-known that exposure to high-intensity
    radio waves has observable and demonstrable physiological
    effects,

    If you put your head in a microwave your brain will get cooked.
    Some unfortunate radar technicians got bits of their brains warmed up
    enough to do observable damage

    I have been told that you can actually hear a high power pulsed radar,
    (without suffering any damage)

    Cal OSHA did exactly one controlled study of rats in
    a basket, one with radios one without, the ones with
    radios suffered neo-natally and post-natally and
    failed the swimming test.

    Probably you mean "The Division of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), better known as Cal/OSHA":

    <https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/>

    It is unlikely that you will be able to cite the original study because
    it is more likely that it is all a delusion.

    Another likely possibility is that you have misunderstood or are misrepresenting the experiment.

    In any case, humans are not rats. They are also not usually exposed to high-intensity electromagnetic radiation in close proximity to their source.
    There is no physical reason and no evidence whatsoever that radio waves as used in daily telecommunication caused bodily harm to any human.

    The people who are claiming otherwise are not suffering from brain damage because of radio, but from paranoia which is indicative of a brain malfunction which could be caused by prior, unrelated brain damage. It is also indicative of the growing ignorance among the general public that I was talking about: It is human nature to substitute ignorance with conceits and conspiracy theories because that is more convenient than learning.





    Yeah, it's like when somebody says "mirron neurons"
    or "microtubules" and it's like "yeah, good luck at
    your seance tonight, you spooky un-scientific freak".

    It's sad when neuroscience concerns itself so much
    with the lizard/rat part of the brain, when higher
    thinking animals actually can separate their forebrain
    and the textual thinking from the usual carrot/stick.
    That operant conditioning and conditioned response
    is animal-on-animal violence.

    After getting hit with a stick enough,
    anybody with a stick looks like meat.

    Dead meat, ..., to animals.


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  • From Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn@PointedEars@web.de to sci.physics.relativity,sci.electronics.design,sci.physics on Thu Feb 19 23:57:31 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Jeroen Belleman wrote:
    On 2/19/26 20:27, john larkin wrote:
    On Thu, 19 Feb 2026 20:52:48 +1100, Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org>
    wrote:
    On 19/02/2026 7:49 am, Ross Finlayson wrote:
    On 02/18/2026 12:43 PM, Python wrote:
    Le 18/02/2026 |a 20:13, Ross Finlayson a |-crit :
    ..
    and, you know, magnetic monopoles, is widely employed
    in medical imaging and the like.

    No.

    Resonance imaging (NMR) is a thoroughly different mechanism
    than Roentgen rays.

    But as the name implies, it's nuclei of the atoms involved that exhibit
    the resonance. It's a remarkably low energy effect, and you need
    remarkably high magnetic fields to get it to give you a detectable signal. >>
    The earth's field is enough. The hydrogen resonance is about 4
    KHz/gauss.

    Resonance is a phenomenon, not a physical quantity. What is probably meant here is the absolute value of the gyromagnetic ratio +| divided by 2-C, from the Larmor frequency

    -e_L = 2-C f_L = -+| B_0 <==> +|/2-C = |f_L/B_0|.

    <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance#Magnetic_resonance_and_radio-frequency_pulses>

    For the hydrogen nucleus,

    +| = 2.6752218708(11) |u 10^8 s^-1 T^-1

    ==> +|/(2pi) =~ 42.6 MHz/T =~ 4.26 kHz/G.

    <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyromagnetic_ratio#For_a_nucleus>

    That is, if the external magnetic field has a flux density of 1 G (gauss),
    the Larmor frequency -- the frequency with which the nuclear spin is
    precessing is ca. 4.26 KHz.

    But

    ,-<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field>
    |
    | [...] The magnitude of [the flux density of] Earth's magnetic field at
    | its surface ranges from 25 to 65 ++T (0.25 to 0.65 G)

    so the presence of the geomagnetic field causes the nuclear spin of a
    hydrogen nucleus, i.e. a proton, to precess at a frequency of 1.065 kHz to 2.769 kHz (nothing more, nothing less);

    and

    <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance#Magnetic_resonance_and_radio-frequency_pulses>

    | A perturbation of nuclear spin orientations from equilibrium will occur
    | only when an oscillating magnetic field is applied whose frequency ++_rf
    | sufficiently closely matches the Larmor precession frequency ++_L of the
    | nuclear magnetization.

    They key word there is *oscillating*.

    I believe that, due to magnetic field perturbations in urban
    areas, the resonance gets scrambled too quickly to be easily
    detectable. In rural areas it should be easier.

    If the geomagnetic field, which on short timescales (human lifespan) can be assumed to be *constant* instead, would have any significant influence on
    the nuclear spin, applications of NMR (on/near the terrestrial surface) such
    as MRI would not work.

    Also, NMR has nothing to do with magnetic monopoles, on the contrary:

    A nucleus acts (at least) like a rotating *dipole* magnet, it has a quantum-mechanical spin called "nuclear spin".

    There appear to be many misconceptions on the part of the person making
    those claims as to what NMR is and what it is affected by. They should read the referred Wikipedia articles very carefully to clarify those misconceptions.

    This has nothing to do with the theories of relativity; F'up2 sci.physics.
    --
    PointedEars

    Twitter: @PointedEars2
    Please do not cc me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.
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  • From The Starmaker@starmaker@ix.netcom.com to sci.physics.relativity,sci.electronics.design,sci.physics on Fri Feb 20 01:35:44 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    The Starmaker wrote:

    On Thu, 19 Feb 2026 21:41:50 +0100, nospam@de-ster.demon.nl (J. J.
    Lodder) wrote:

    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote:

    On Thu, 19 Feb 2026 20:52:48 +1100, Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org>
    wrote:

    On 19/02/2026 7:49 am, Ross Finlayson wrote:
    On 02/18/2026 12:43 PM, Python wrote:
    Le 18/02/2026 a 20:13, Ross Finlayson a ocrit :
    ..
    and, you know, magnetic monopoles, is widely employed
    in medical imaging and the like.

    No.

    Resonance imaging (NMR) is a thoroughly different mechanism
    than Roentgen rays.

    But as the name implies, it's nuclei of the atoms involved that exhibit >> >the resonance. It's a remarkably low energy effect, and you need
    remarkably high magnetic fields to get it to give you a detectable signal.

    The earth's field is enough. The hydrogen resonance is about 4
    KHz/gauss.

    <https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-amateur-scientist-1959-04/>

    (paywalled, unfortunately)

    Jan

    https://www.jstor.org/stable/26172037

    This link will give you a automatic download of the FULL PDF file:

    https://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/files.php?pid=89590&aid=2617

    A wall is to keep 'other' people out...

    i'm a quantum...i go through walls.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QK7IVpvGai4
    --
    The Starmaker -- To question the unquestionable, ask the unaskable,
    to think the unthinkable, mention the unmentionable, say the unsayable,
    and challenge the unchallengeable.
    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Python@python@cccp.invalid to sci.physics on Fri Feb 20 14:27:17 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    Le 20/02/2026 |a 15:23, Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn a |-crit :
    Ross Finlayson wrote:
    It's simple that particle/wave duality the usual account
    always must make for wave/resonance dichotomy, say.

    It's just as simple to models waves and particles
    and particles and waves and waves and resonances and
    resonances and waves, as each other variously, since
    for example wave mechanics is the usual notion of
    "change in an open system", then for Huygens principle,
    that waves beget waves, then also for the accounts of
    wavelets, at the boundaries, or ondes and ondelettes.

    <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_salad>

    *shrug*

    (parody)

    It is in fact trivially equivalent to describe particles as waves and
    waves as particles and particles as resonances of wave-like particulate oscillations within the systemic openness of closed open systems. Indeed,
    the ontology of dynamics is merely the dynamics of ontology when
    considered through the harmonic envelope of change, which is precisely
    what Huygens already anticipated in his principle of recursive
    propagation: every disturbance generates its own explanation.

    Thus a wave does not travel rCo it self-updates its own boundary
    conditions through retro-causal coherence. The so-called rCLwaveletsrCY
    are simply localized regions of extended non-locality, especially at interfaces where the medium negotiates its identity with itself. At these epistemic horizons, the oscillation becomes informational rather than material, which is why energy is best understood as organized hesitation.

    One must therefore abandon the naive distinction between vibration and
    object. A particle is merely a standing argument in the debate between frequencies. When two frequencies agree, we observe matter; when they disagree, we observe theory.

    Consequently, quantum mechanics confirms classical intuition once the intuition is generalized beyond classicality. Measurement collapses not
    the wavefunction but the observerrCOs resistance to interpretation. The universe resonates because it must explain itself to itself, and
    explanation propagates at the speed of meaning.

    In summary: waves generate waves, particles generate waves, waves generate particles, and resonance generates legitimacy rCo which is experimentally verified by the consistency of the vocabulary.

    --- Synchronet 3.21b-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Ross Finlayson@ross.a.finlayson@gmail.com to sci.physics on Wed Feb 25 18:39:34 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On 02/25/2026 02:01 PM, Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn wrote:
    [F'up2 sci.physics as it has nothing inherently to do with either relativity or electronics design.]

    Ross Finlayson amok-crossposted to sci.physics.relativity, sci.electronics.design:
    On 02/25/2026 09:54 AM, J. J. Lodder wrote:
    Ross Finlayson <ross.a.finlayson@gmail.com> wrote:
    On 02/23/2026 11:15 PM, Bill Sloman wrote:
    On 24/02/2026 5:16 am, Liz Tuddenham wrote:
    Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org> wrote:

    [...]
    The most dramatic demonstration of the Pauli Effect happened when he >>>>>>> wasn't actually in the room. Somebody was complaining at a conference >>>>>>> that an experiment had stopped working for a couple of hours - "as if >>>>>>> Pauli had stepped into the lab, but he wasn't even in Munich at the >>>>>>> time" and Pauli admitted that he had been stuck in train in Munich for a
    couple of hours that day while going somewhere else.
    That sounds as though it was proof of the quantum effect.
    It's actually an academic joke.
    Sometimes it's said that Stern-Gerlach was "proof of the quantum".
    Only of the 'half-quantum',

    Oh, care to explain, or, perhaps your new
    posting style is just "cut and get cut".


    Stern-Gerlach basically demonstrates that it must
    be continuum mechanics that it must be quantum mechanics
    not simply particle mechanics.

    No, it demonstrated that quantum-mechanical systems ("particles") have a property called "(quantum-mechanical) spin", an intrinsic form of angular momentum that is quantized. In particular, the experiment showed that (silver) atoms have this property, and that the projection of their spin can only assume one of two possible values (which for both physical and mathematical reasons were chosen to be +raA/2 and -raA/2; physics justifies the
    raA) which makes them behave like that in a magnetic field:

    <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment#Description>

    Everybody who has any clue about quantum mechanics knows this. You don't have a clue, and neither has J. J. Lodder.


    Why, this is looking more and more like "The Blind Men and the Elephant".


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  • From john larkin@jl@glen--canyon.com to sci.physics,sci.electronics.design on Fri Feb 27 19:48:06 2026
    From Newsgroup: sci.physics

    On Sat, 14 Feb 2026 15:38:05 -0800, x <x@x.net> wrote:

    On 2/13/26 15:35, Stefan Ram wrote:
    john larkin <jl@glen--canyon.com> wrote or quoted:
    Single photons sure behave like particles, especially the energetic
    ones.

    Wave-like interference can be observed in the famous double-slit
    experiment. Now, what happens when we reduce the intensity of the
    incoming light to one single photon? We get one single spot on the
    detector screen! So, does this mean "no wave behavior"? Well, when
    we repeat this with many single photons, one after the other, in
    the end, we get the same interference pattern on that screen created
    by all those dots!

    Yea. Beyond that there is an implied 'frequency' or 'wavelength'
    in the theoretical energy or momentum of the photon.

    I think that it is all based upon a esoteric mystical phenomenon
    coming from not defining terms. Point and curve have reasonably
    good meanings in mathematics, but 'particle' and 'wave' are just
    different enough for people to sort of claim they have no meaning
    at all, but then say 'stupid' and back track and bait and switch
    'particle' and 'wave' with 'point' and 'curve'.

    Then of course there is the Fourier transform. Any curve can
    be represented by an set of sine wave equations, just as the
    Laplace transform for exponential equations.

    Probably it is best to just keep it simple. A photon is an
    increment of energy or momentum transfer from the Schrodinger
    equation curve. Beyond that do not get into strange mysticism.

    In 1986, a rigorously controlled experiment was designed by
    Grangier, G. Roger, and A. Aspect, [Europhys Lett. 1(4), p. 173,
    1986] that guaranteed a single-photon beam. The explanation of the
    experimental results implied the interference of the wave function
    of a single-photon with itself. This was disputed in 2018 by
    Parra, but good quantum textbooks like [1] take this for granted.

    [1] "2.1 The photon in the interferometer" in "Quantum Processes,
    Systems, and Information" (2010) - Benjamin Schumacher

    Yes, /that/ Schumacher who coined "qubit"!



    This is cool. My little speculation about spherical fields has
    generated 478 posts in just s.e.d., some hundreds of lines long, most
    of which are childish flames.


    John Larkin
    Highland Tech Glen Canyon Design Center
    Lunatic Fringe Electronics
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