From Newsgroup: sci.anthropology.paleo


https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/remarkable-new-research-ochre-crayons-colors-scientists-understanding-how-neanderthals-made-art-180987617/

Three ancient pieces of ochre unearthed in
Crimea were used by Neanderthals to draw and
paint, a new study suggests.

The findings highlight NeanderthalsrCO cognitive
rCoand possibly creativerCoabilities, a far cry
from popular depictions of the human cousin as
brutish and cognitively underdeveloped.

Writing in the journal Science Advances October
29, researchers analyzed 16 pieces of ochrerCoan
iron-rich mineralrCofound across sites in Crimea
and mainland Ukraine. They used scanning
electron microscopy and portable X-ray scanning
to examine the artifacts.
...


https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adx4722
Evidence for symbolic use of ochre by Micoquian
Neanderthals in Crimea

Abstract
Ochre use is widely regarded as a potential
marker of symbolic behavior in Paleolithic
societies. We conducted a multiproxy analysis
of 16 ochre pieces from Middle Paleolithic
Micoquian sites in Crimea [Zaskalnaya V (ZSKV),
ZSKVI, and Prolom II] and mainland Ukraine
(Mukhovets), spanning up to 70,000 years.
Using portable x-ray fluorescence, scanning
electron microscopy coupled to energy-
dispersive spectroscopy, and technological
analysis, we identified deliberate
modifications including grinding, scoring,
flaking, and scraping. Three pieces (ZSKV-05,
ZSKV-06, and ZSKV-07) show features exceeding
utilitarian use: One is shaped into a
crayon-like tool with repeated resharpening,
another appears to be a crayon fragment, and
a third bears engraved, polished surfaces.
These traits suggest the intentional
production of marks and curated use. While
practical applications (e.g., hide processing)
remain plausible for other specimens, the
evidence supports symbolic use among some
Crimean Neanderthals. Our results highlight
their cognitive complexity and underscore
the importance of regional, multiproxy
approaches in evaluating the emergence of
symbolic material culture.
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