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<div>Wrangell-St. Elias National Park in Alaska contains eight andesitic shield volcanoes, including Mount Wrangell which is the youngest. Mount Wrangell is considered active since it is reported to have experienced a short explosive eruption in 1930. Most of the older volcanoes in the park, including Capital Mountain, Tanada Peak, Mount Jarvis, and Mount Blackburn, have been eroded and no longer retain their shield shape, and some are poorly understood because of the extensive glaciation in this volcanic field.</div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>shield now shield file download</div><div></div><div>Download File: https://t.co/s0bJYEimaa </div><div></div><div></div><div>Lava Beds National Monument (California) is on the northern flank of Medicine Lake Volcano, a large shield volcano. The basaltic lava flows in the monument range in age from about 114,000 to 1,000 years old .</div><div></div><div></div><div>Most shield volcano eruptions are nonexplosive (effusive), usually 0-1 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), typically in the Hawaiian eruptive style. These eruptions produce fluid lava flows and may produce fire-fountains. High rates of eruptions help produce lava flows that travel fast and can cover large areas.</div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>Rarely, more explosive phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruptions may occur. Powerful phreatomagmatic eruptions at K-2lauea have occurred at intervals during its history. One interval lasted until about 1000 CE and another from about 1500 to 1800 CE. Explosive eruptions also took place in 1924 in the K-2lauea caldera.</div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>Photo (right): Steam explosion in Halemau-+ma-+u on May 22, 1924 as seen from Volcano House.</div><div></div><div>Photographer Tai Sing Loo.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Collapse calderas are usually located at the summit of large shield volcanoes. These calderas form via subsidence caused by removal of magma from the shallow magma chamber underneath the summit by eruption or intrusion, commonly on the flank of the volcano.</div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>A shield volcano may have many summit calderas during its lifespan as they may become filled with lava. Summit calderas are dynamic as they may change due to further subsidence, have active lava lakes, and/or contain pit craters.</div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>Vog (volcanic smog) consists of SO2 (sulfur dioxide) gas and aerosols produced by active shield volcanoes. It presents a hazard both in the immediate area and to people who are downwind.</div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>Landslides along the flank of the volcano, subsidence at calderas and pit craters, and active fumaroles may also present volcanic hazards.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Currently, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service staff monitor the fern populations and ensure that potential disturbances from humans or caribou are minimized. The most up-to-date summary of information and threats to the Aleutian shield fern can be found in the 5-year review for the species published in 2019.</div><div></div><div></div><div>The Aleutian shield fern is a small, tufted, solitary plant. The fronds grow to 6 inches (15 centimeters) long and gradually taper above and below the middle. The fronds are only present during the growing season and unfurl as late as August or September.</div><div></div><div></div><div>The Aleutian shield fern grows in a narrow microhabitat that consist of rock grottos and moist crevices at the base of steep rock outcrops. All known populations grow on east to northeast facing slopes on the northeast arm of Mount Reed between 1,108 and 1725 feet above sea level as noted by S.L. Talbot and S.S. Talbot in 2002 and later by V. Byrd and J. Williams in 2007.</div><div></div><div></div><div>The Aleutian shield fern has the typical life cycle of a fern: a full-grown sporophyte, what is commonly referred to as the fern, produces genetically unique spores. These spores fall and germinate into the gametophyte stage, the prothallus. The prothallus undergoes sexual reproduction to create a new, independent sporophyte.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Investigations into the reproductive biology of Aleutian shield fern were conducted in the 1990s to verify spore viability through germination tests as documented by P.S. Holloway in 1994. A greenhouse population of at least 1,000 mature sporophytes was established in the 1990s. However, difficulty in growing and maintaining a greenhouse population and long-term storage of viable genetic materials have been unsuccessful. Further studies of the ferns on Mount Reed indicate that there is almost complete lack of genetic variation within and between the four known populations of shield ferns as documented by S.L. Talbot and others. This is consistent with a pattern of genetic variation expected if the ferns resulted from a founder event followed by sexual reproduction via selfing.</div><div></div><div></div><div>The Aleutian shield fern may be confused with more common ferns occurring withing its range. Polystichum lonchitis is much taller, growing up to 24 inches, with more robust, thicker, leathery, evergreen leaves and very spiny leaflets. Cystopteris fragilis has more strongly dissected leaflets and lacks scales.</div><div></div><div></div><div>The first described Aleutian shield fern was from a collection made by Eyerdam in 1932 on Atka Island, Alaska as described by C. Christensen in 1938. However, no ferns have been located on Atka Island since. Today, there are only four known populations of Aleutian shield fern, all located on Mount Reed, Adak Island, Alaska. These four populations are differentiated based on geographic location and not genetics. Most of these shield ferns occur within a narrow microhabitat consisting of rock grottos and moist crevices at the base of steep rock outcrops on east to northeast-facing slopes.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Having a clear and consistent visual identity helps build greater recognition for and awareness of our University and our many colleges, campuses, and administrative/academic units. The most important element of our visual identity is our University mark, which is made up of our Nittany Lion shield and logotype.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Leveraging the Lion, shield, and Penn State blues, the Nittany Lion Shield is a contemporary and forward-looking representation of our visual heritage. The shield works well in both large and small sizes, and it reproduces well in the digital environment.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Our University (or academic) mark is composed of our shield and logotype and is Penn State's institutional logo representing the University in its entirety. The mark is used to identify everything we communicate through our website, print communications, presentations, social media sites, and signs.</div><div></div><div></div><div>NOTE: Never redraw or try to recreate our mark, including our shield or our logotype. Any modification of our mark diminishes its impact and weakens our legal protection. Only authorized artwork may be used.</div><div></div><div></div><div>On our vertical mark 2, the logotype is smaller and above our shield. This allows for a larger, more powerful use of the shield. This version is very effective on some products and merchandise. This mark also can be useful when the width is restricted, as in a banner.</div><div></div><div></div><div>In general, the shield should not be used without the logotype. However, for certain merchandise, such as a pin, the use of the shield alone is appropriate. For units who wish to have a pin with their unit's name included, a special pin template has been designed that preserves the shield's visual integrity. For more information, contact the Office of Strategic Communications at pennstatebrand psu.edu.</div><div></div><div></div><div>The schematic folder cover (below) demonstrates another opportunity to use the shield alone large as a graphic element. This design approach is only to be used when our full mark appears on the same surface. When using the shield as a graphic element, the artistic effect should not alter the color or prevent the Lion from being recognizable. Any cropping of the shield alone as a graphic element must be minimal, and both eyes and ears must be distinguishable.</div><div></div><div></div><div>The special-use marks shown below are used only on our products and merchandise. These items are often seen outside the context of Penn State and use the (registration mark) to provide legal protection for our valuable assets. The placement of the is always used in conjunction with the Penn State logotype, never with the shield.</div><div></div><div> df19127ead</div>
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