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  • The ARRL Letter for February 13, 2025

    From ARRL Letter@21:1/5 to All on Thu Feb 13 18:23:11 2025
    XPost: rec.radio.amateur.moderated, rec.radio.amateur.policy, rec.radio.info

    view this email in your browser [ https://arrl.informz.net/InformzDataService/OnlineVersion/Individual?mailingInstanceId=3255215&subscriberId=520533606
    ]


    The ARRL Letter


    John E. Ross, KD8IDJ [ mailto:jross@arrl.org ] , Editor | February 13, 2025

    ARRL Home Page
    http://www.arrl.org

    ARRL Audio News
    http://arrl.org/arrl-audio-news

    [https://www.icomamerica.com/lineup/amateur/]


    In this Issue:
    Γ-óAmateur Radio Emergency Preparedness Act Re-Introduced
    Γ-óAmateur Radio Emergency Service Renews Relationship with Red Cross in
    Puerto Rico

    Γ-óRigExpert's Administrative Office Destroyed in Russian Missile Attack Γ-" Production Remains Intact

    Γ-óThis Weekend: ARRL International DX Contest - CW
    Γ-óRobert "Bob" Naumann, W5OV, Silent Key
    Γ-óGrant will Help Young Amateur Radio Operators Become Contesters
    Γ-óAmateur Radio in the News
    Γ-óARRL Podcasts
    Γ-óIn Brief...
    Γ-óAnnouncements
    Γ-óThe ARRL Solar Report
    Γ-óJust Ahead in Radiosport
    Γ-óUpcoming Section, State, and Division Conventions
    Γ-óDid You Know?

    Amateur Radio Emergency Preparedness Act Re-Introduced

    Legislation Will Increase Communication Options During Natural Disasters

    [https://www.arrl.org/news/amateur-radio-emergency-preparedness-act-re-introduced]



    WASHINGTON - U.S. Senators Roger Wicker, R-Miss., and Richard Blumenthal, D- Conn., and Representatives August Pfluger, R-Tex., and Joe Courtney, D-Conn. announced their joint re-introduction of legislation in the Senate and House
    to restore the right to Amateur Radio operators to install the antennas necessary to serve their communities.


    Homeowner association rules often prevent Amateur Radio operators from installing antennas at their homes even though Amateur Radio has proven to be essential in emergencies and natural disasters such as hurricanes when other means of communication fail. CONTINUED ON ARRL NEWS [ https://www.arrl.org/news/amateur-radio-emergency-preparedness-act-re-introduced?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ]


    Geochron Global Operational Awareness
    [http://www.geochron.com/ham-radio-4k/]


    Amateur Radio Emergency Service Renews Relationship with Red Cross in Puerto Rico


    Amateur Radio Emergency Service(R) (ARES(R)) in the ARRL Puerto Rico Section has signed a renewal Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the American Red Cross Puerto Rico Region. The agreement establishes a framework of
    cooperation and a close working relationship with ARRL ARES volunteers.


    Both ARES and the Red Cross agree that, with the resources of both organizations, the public will be best served during disasters, emergencies, and other public service related situations.


    [http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Public Service/ARES/MOU/MOU ARRL Red Cross PR 2025.pdf]



    ARRL Puerto Rico Section Manager Carmen N. Greene, KP4QVQ, believes the new
    MOU benefits everyone. "The renewal of the existing MOU with the American Red Cross of Puerto Rico is a testament to the relationship and commitment we
    have at the local section level with the legendary organization," she said.
    "We feel that our communities will greatly benefit from the joint efforts to train and practice the ability to pass messages when the normal
    infrastructure is not available."


    She added that as a new Section Manager, it feels great to have this
    experience with an important organization, as well as having great contact
    with all the hams around the island.


    You can read the entire MOU here [ http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Public Service/ARES/MOU/MOU ARRL Red Cross PR 2025.pdf ] .


    Dr. Duino
    [http://www.digirig.net/]


    RigExpert's Administrative Office Destroyed in Russian Missile Attack Γ-" Production Remains Intact


    On February 12, 2025, RigExpert's administrative office, in Kyiv, Ukraine,
    was destroyed by a Russian ballistic missile. All employees are reported to
    be safe.


    RigExpert is a leading manufacturer of antenna and cable analyzers and officials said they are committed to restoring operations as soon as
    possible.


    "Our top priority is the safety of our team and the continuity of our operations," said Ashot Andeev, Chief Executive Officer. "While our administrative office is in ruins, our production facilities survived,
    allowing us to continue serving our customers and partners."


    The company is working to minimize delays and fulfill its commitments while maintaining customer support operations.


    [https://rooftowers.com/]


    This Weekend: ARRL International DX Contest - CW

    [http://www.arrl.org/arrl-dx]


    The ARRL International DX Contest - CW is this weekend, starting at 0000 UTC
    on Saturday, February 15, and concluding at 2359 UTC on Sunday, February 16. This contest is a great opportunity for US and Canadian amateurs to make DX contacts and boost their DXCC totals.


    2024 saw a record 5,552 entries and Solar Cycle 25 has continued to peak
    since. Don't miss it!


    For complete rules and more information, visit www.arrl.org/arrl-dx [ http://www.arrl.org/arrl-dx?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] .


    Robert "Bob" Naumann, W5OV, Silent Key

    [https://www.arrl.org/news/robert-bob-naumann-w5ov-silent-key]


    Bob Naumann, W5OV, passed away at his home in Texas on February 10, 2025. Naumann was a mentor to many in the Amateur Radio Service, and well known in the ham radio contesting and DX community. He served on the headquarters
    staff of ARRL The National Association for Amateur Radio as Director of Operations from 2021 to 2024. He was an ARRL Life Member and a member of the ARRL Diamond Club.


    ARRL Chief Executive Officer David Minster, NA2AA, has known Naumann for decades. "Bob was a very passionate supporter of amateur radio, and
    especially ARRL. He said on many occasions that working at HQ was a dream
    come true," wrote Minster in a message to ARRL staff.


    Naumann had many friends around the world through amateur radio. He achieved ARRL DXCC Honor Roll, and was a long-serving member of the CQ World Wide DX Contest Committee. Naumann enjoyed trips to the HAM RADIO exposition in Friedrichshafen, Germany.


    [https://www.arrl.org/news/robert-bob-naumann-w5ov-silent-key]


    Read ARRL's full remembrance, including information about services for
    Naumann here [ https://www.arrl.org/news/robert-bob-naumann-w5ov-silent-key?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] .


    Grant will Help Young Amateur Radio Operators Become Contesters

    A $10,000 grant to the University of Scranton, from the Frankford Radio Club
    [ https://www.gofrc.org/ ] (FRC) in Pennsylvania, will support the
    development of a contest dashboard that will leverage the popularity of
    amateur radio operator contests to benefit science, technology, students and Ham Radio Science Citizen Investigation [ https://hamsci.org/ ] (HamSCI) community members.


    Through the grant, a team of university students, faculty, and FRC members, along HamSCI community members, will collaborate to develop a real-time Contesting/DXing Dashboard for the HamSCI Personal Space Weather Station (PSWS). The PSWS is a modular, ground-based system that measures space
    weather impacts on the Earth's ionosphere.


    The grant will fund Scranton University student researcher, Owen Ruzanski, KD3ALD, a first-year computer engineering major, for the summer and fall 2025 semesters to help develop the contest dashboard and is expected to conclude
    in the spring semester of 2026.


    University of Scranton physics professor Nathaniel Frissell, Ph.D, W2NAF,
    said through the project, he hopes the university's W3USR Amateur Radio Club members, present and future, will become active radio contesters.


    "We are already of ahead of schedule for this project," said Dr. Frissell. "This past weekend we hosted students from W3USR and the Frankford Radio Club to take part in a little contesting. We made over 400 QSOs worth over 250,000 contest points."


    Ray Sokola, K9RS, past president the Frankford Radio Club, said that amateur radio contesters are one of the most enthusiastic subset of ham radio operators, and participants span a range of ages from teenagers to over 90.


    [https://surgestop.com/coaxial-arrestors/index.html]


    Amateur Radio in the News

    "Ham radio club holds winter field day [ https://www.northfortmyersneighbor.com/news/community-news/2025/02/ham-radio-club-holds-winter-field-day/
    ] " / North Fort Meyers Neighbor (Florida) February 4, 2025 -- The Fort Myers Amateur Radio Club.


    "Los Alamos Amateur Radio Club To Meet Feb. 14 [ https://losalamosreporter.com/2025/02/08/los-alamos-amateur-radio-club-to-meet-feb-14/
    ] " / Los Alamos Reporter (New Mexico) February 8, 2025 -- The Los Alamos Amateur Radio Club is an ARRL Affiliated Club.


    "Pfluger bill would prevent HOAs from banning amateur radio antennas [ https://www.msn.com/en-us/public-safety-and-emergencies/health-and-safety-alerts/pfluger-bill-would-prevent-hoas-from-banning-amateur-radio-antennas/ar-AA1yMqVq?ocid=BingNewsSerp
    ] " / Midland Reporter-Telegram (Texas) February 11, 2025 -- The Amateur
    Radio Emergency Preparedness Act.


    "Amateur radio for fun and public service [ https://www.goldendalesentinel.com/features/amateur-radio-for-fun-and-public-service/article_aa16edd0-e3d3-11ef-b38c-43e76f05483b.html
    ] " / The Goldendale Sentinel (Washington) February 12, 2025 -- The Klickitat County Amateur Radio Emergency Services Group(R) (ARES(R)).


    [https://home.arrl.org/action/Store/Product-Details/productId/2018039112]


    ARRL Podcasts

    ARRL On the Air
    [https://blubrry.com/arrlontheair/]


    On the Air
    Sponsored by Icom

    Have a Ham Radio Open House in April
    World Amateur Radio Day (WARD) is April 18 every year, and in 2025, WARD is extra special. ARRL invites radio clubs and schools to organize a Ham Radio Open House in April, to highlight the Amateur Radio Service for its
    development and practice of the latest radio communications and technology,
    and as a hands-on pathway into STEM fields for the next generation. ARRL
    Public Relations and Outreach Manager Sierra Harrop, W5DX, and Associate Professor of Physics and Engineering at the University of Scranton, Nathaniel Frissell, W2NAF, join the podcast to talk about what a Ham Radio Open House might include, and how your club or group can start organizing one.


    ARRL Audio News
    [https://blubrry.com/arrlaudionews/]


    ARRL Audio News
    Listen to ARRL Audio News [ http://www.arrl.org/arrl-audio-news?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] , available every Friday. ARRL Audio News is a summary of the week's top
    news stories in the world of amateur radio and ARRL, along with interviews
    and other features.


    The On the Air podcast and ARRL Audio News are available on blubrry, iTunes, and Apple Podcasts.

    On the Air [ https://blubrry.com/arrlontheair/ ] | ARRL Audio News [ https://blubrry.com/arrlaudionews/ ]


    In Brief...

    On January 21, 2025, dozens of stations across northeast Illinois gathered
    for a 70-centimeter simplex research event. The goal was to encourage simplex use, to expand operator skills, and to allow operators to better understand their station's capabilities and limitations. The operation involved two
    rounds of transmissions, and collectively logged over 400 signal reports, received by email and aggregated by Net Control. Operators freed themselves from repeaters and access tones, and learned to relay, record RST (readability-signal strength-tone) signal reports, and pay attention to their noise floor and antenna configuration. One relay through four stations
    spanned nearly 60 miles, allowing net control Γ-" K9MSG in Glen Ellyn,
    Illinois Γ-" to receive a message from KE9BPO in Sandwich, Illinois,
    operating on a handheld at 5 watts. After the event, all logs were collected and aggregated, and each station received a report that included details of
    all signal reports given for their s

    tation by all other operators. The report also included maps, statistics,
    and examples of how to leverage the data to better understand station configuration. This included a subsequent discussion on how to create radio path studies leveraging free online resources. This was the 2nd of two such events. The first was a 2-meter simplex activity in the same area the prior month with 35 stations across 7 counties. Data from both of these nets is now being aggregated to identify quantitative and qualitative differences between
    2 meters and 70 centimeters as experienced by those operators. All of this
    will lead to a discussion of the propagation challenges and advantages that each band offers and more opportunities for learning!


    Announcements

    ARRL Headquarters will be closed on Monday, February 17, 2025, in observance
    of President's Day. There won't be any W1AW bulletin or code practice that
    day. ARRL HQ will reopen on Tuesday, February 18, 2025 at 8 AM EST.


    Rigol RF Test Gear [https://www.rigolna.com/dho/?utm_source=QST&utm_medium=eNews&utm_campaign=DHO89]

    Radioddity Xiegu X6200 Multi-mode HF Radio [https://www.radioddity.com/products/xiegu-g106?utm_medium=banner&utm_source=ARRL&utm_campaign=The%20ARRL%20Letter&utm_content=Xiegu_G106]

    Flex Radio FT8 [https://www.flexradio.com/insider/articles/ft8-tipping-point-for-ham-radio/]


    Schulman Auction Amateur Radio Equipment Specialists [http://www.schulmanauction.com/]
    Rig Expert Take on the Air
    [https://rigexpert.com/]
    PreppComm Christmas Sale Nomad Antenna Sale DMX-40 Special [https://tinyurl.com/merc4dyy]


    The ARRL Solar Report

    K7RA Solar Update - NASA SDO/HMI
    [https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/]


    ARRL Solar Report February 13, 2025

    NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory captured an X1.1-class solar flare in multiple wavelengths causing a strong shortwave radio blackout over South America, according to Spaceweather.com [ https://spaceweather.com/ ] . No
    radio blackouts have been observed over the past 24 hours.


    Another solar wind stream is heading for Earth. It is flowing from a canyon-like hole [ https://spaceweather.com/images2025/11feb25/ch.jpg ] in
    the sun's atmosphere. First contact with the stream will be on February 14
    and could cause a minor G1-class geomagnetic storm with Arctic auroras for Valentine's Day.


    The 10.7-centimeter flux for February 13 is 180, remains at 180 for February 14, then increases to 185 for February 15 - 17.


    Solar Cycle 25 is intensifying, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of
    Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory in Finland show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining Γ-" a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.


    Solar activity has been at low levels for the past 24 hours and is expected
    to be low with a chance for M-class flares on February 13 -15. The
    geomagnetic field has been at unsettled to active levels for the past 24
    hours.


    For more information concerning radio propagation, visit [ https://www.arrl.org/technical-information-service?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&_zs=OV2xl&_zl=TltC3&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] the ARRL Technical Information Service, read "What the Numbers Mean...,"
    and check out [ https://k9la.us/ ] the Propagation Page of Carl
    Luetzelschwab, K9LA.


    A propagation bulletin archive [ https://www.arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation?_zs=0CdMo&_zl=K2V63&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] is available. For customizable propagation charts, visit the VOACAP Online for Ham Radio website [ https://www.voacap.com/ ] .


    Just Ahead in Radiosport

    Γ-óFebruary 14 -- PODXS 070 Club Valentine Sprint (digital)
    Γ-óFebruary 15 - 16 -- ARRL International DX Contest (CW) [ https://www.arrl.org/arrl-dx?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ]

    Γ-óFebruary 15 - 16 -- YLRL YL-OM Contest (CW, phone, digital)
    Γ-óFebruary 15 - 16 -- Russian PSK WW Contest (digital)
    Γ-óFebruary 15 -- Feld Hell Sprint (digital)
    Γ-óFebruary 16 - 17 -- Run for the Bacon QRP Contest (CW)
    Γ-óFebruary 19 -- AGCW Semi-Automatic Key Evening (CW)

    Visit the ARRL Contest Calendar [ https://www.arrl.org/contest-calendar?_zs=OV2xl&_zl=geQ73&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL%20website%20amateur%20radio%20&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_
    source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_
    campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_
    medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] for more events and information


    [http://www.arrl.org/DreamStation]


    Upcoming Section, State, and Division Conventions

    Γ-óFebruary 14 -15 | Yuma Hamfest [ http://www.arrl.org/hamfests/yuma-hamfest-arrl-southwestern-division-convention-1?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] , hosting the ARRL Southwestern Division Convention, Yuma, Arizona

    Γ-óFebruary 22 | HAM-CON [ https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/ham-con-arrl-vermont-state-convention-4?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] , hosting the ARRL Vermont State Convention, Colchester, Vermont

    Γ-óFebruary 28 - March 1 | BirmingHamfest [ https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/birminghamfest-arrl-alabama-section-convention-1?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] , hosting the ARRL Alabama Section Convention, Trussville, Alabama

    Γ-óMarch 7 - 8 | Greater Houston HamFest [ https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/greater-houston-hamfest-arrl-texas-state-convention-1?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] , hosting the ARRL Texas State Convention, Rosenberg, Texas

    Γ-óMarch 15 | 69th Annual St. Patrick's Day Hamfest [ https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/69th-annual-st-patrick-s-day-hamfest-arrl-west-texas-section-convention?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_
    campaign=ARRL
    ] , hosting the ARRL West Texas Section Convention, Midland, Texas

    Γ-óMarch 29 | Central Dakota Amateur Radio Club Hamfest [ https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/central-dakota-amateur-radio-club-35th-hamfest-arrl-north-dakota-state-convention?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] , hosting the ARRL North Dakota State Convention, Bismarck, North Dakota

    Γ-óApril 5 | RARSfest [ https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/rarsfest-arrl-north-carolina-state-convention?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] , hosting the ARRL North Carolina State Convention, Raleigh, North Carolina

    Γ-óApril 11-12 | Green Country Hamfest [ https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/2025-oklahoma-state-convention?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] , hosting the ARRL Oklahoma State Convention, Claremore, Oklahoma.


    Remember to search the ARRL Hamfest and Convention [ https://www.arrl.org/hamfests-and-conventions-calendar?_zs=OV2xl&_zl=nww63&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=
    Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL&utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=
    ARRL
    ] Database to find events in your area.


    Did You Know?

    [http://www.arrl.org/learning-programs]


    Members can insure their amateur radio gear and related equipment including antennas and towers with coverage through our partnership with Risk
    Strategies. Only a $50 deductible applies! They offer a great rate of $1.40
    per $100 of equipment covered. Liability insurance is also available to ARRL Affiliated Clubs. To learn more or to submit your application visit the ARRL Insurance Center at www.arrlinsurance.com [ http://www.arrlinsurance.com ] .


    Have News for ARRL?
    Submissions for The ARRL Letter and ARRL News can be sent to news@arrl.org [ mailto:news@arrl.org ] . -- John E. Ross, KD8IDJ, ARRL News Editor [ mailto:news@arrl.org ]


    [http://www.arrl.org]


    ARRL -- Your One-Stop Resource for Amateur Radio News and Information

    Join ARRL or renew today! [ https://www.arrl.org/join?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL ] No other organization works harder to promote and protect amateur radio. Membership supports benefits, services, programs, and advocacy to help you
    get (and stay) active and on the air. Membership includes access to digital editions of all four ARRL magazines [ https://www.arrl.org/magazines?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] : QST, On the Air, QEX, and NCJ.


    Listen to ARRL Audio News [ http://www.arrl.org/arrl-audio-news?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] , available every Friday.


    The ARRL Letter is available in an accessible format, posted weekly to the Blind-hams Groups.io [ https://groups.io/g/blind-hams ] email group. The
    group is dedicated to discussions about amateur radio as it concerns blind hams, plus related topics including ham radio use of adaptive technology.


    NCJ -- National Contest Journal [ http://www.ncjweb.com/ ] . Published bimonthly, features articles by top contesters, letters, hints, statistics, scores, NA Sprint, and QSO parties.


    QEX -- A Forum for Communications Experimenters [ http://www.arrl.org/qex?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] . Published bimonthly, features technical articles, construction projects, columns, and other items of interest to radio amateurs and communications professionals.


    Free of charge to ARRL members...

    Subscribe [ https://home.arrl.org/action/My-Account/Opt-In-Out ] to the ARES Letter (monthly public service and emergency communications news), the ARRL Contest Update (biweekly contest newsletter), Division and Section news
    alerts, and much more!


    Find ARRL on Facebook [ https://www.facebook.com/ARRL.org/ ] ! Follow us on Threads [ https://www.threads.net/arrlhq ] , X [ https://twitter.com/arrl ] , and Instagram [ https://www.instagram.com/arrlhq ] .


    The ARRL Letter is published Thursdays, 51 times each year. ARRL members may subscribe at no cost or unsubscribe by editing their profile at www.arrl.org/opt-in-out [ http://www.arrl.org/opt-in-out?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=ARRL
    ] .


    Copyright ┬(c) 2025 American Radio Relay League, Incorporated. Use and distribution of this publication, or any portion thereof, is permitted for non-commercial or educational purposes, with attribution. All other purposes require written permission.


    ARRL Logo
    [https://www.arrl.org/]


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    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)

© Too Lazy BBS, 2025