• DAY2SVR: Nws Storm Prediction Center Norman Ok

    From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jun 25 17:28:34 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 251728
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 251726

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1226 PM CDT Wed Jun 25 2025

    Valid 261200Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF
    THE SOUTHERN PLAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES...FROM THE MID-ATLANTIC TO
    THE SOUTHEAST...AND INTO FLORIDA...AND ACROSS NORTHERN MONTANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong storms are possible from the central Plains to
    Lower Michigan, over parts of the Southeast, and over parts of
    Montana on Thursday. Scattered damaging gusts appears to be the main
    concern.

    ...Synopsis...
    A weak upper low will remain over Florida tomorrow, with relatively
    cool midlevel temperatures over the Southeast, although warmer
    compared to today. Otherwise, much of the east will remain beneath
    an upper ridge. Around the northern periphery of this ridge, modest
    southwest flow aloft will stretch from the central Plains into the
    Great Lakes and Northeast, with relatively warm temperatures aloft.
    To the west, a low-amplitude upper trough will push east across
    Montana.

    At the surface, an expansive area of moisture will persist from the
    central and southern Plains eastward to the Mid Atlantic, south of a
    cold front. This front will extend from KS into southern WI and
    Lower MI, and also from central NY into eastern PA.

    ...Mid Atlantic to the Southeast...
    A broad area of moderate to strong instability is forecast from the Mid-Atlantic to the Southeast on Thursday. Shear is expected to be
    very weak through the period, but moderate to strong instability and
    relatively steep mid-level lapse rates beneath the upper low will
    provide a thermodynamic environment favorable for some damaging wind
    gusts. More focused areas of strong to severe storms may exist near
    outflow boundaries from D1/Wednesday convection.

    ...Central/Southern Plains to the Great Lakes...
    Moderate to strong instability is forecast to develop along a
    frontal zone from Kansas to Wisconsin on Thursday afternoon/evening.
    Shear is expected to remain weak (20 to 25 knots), but strong
    instability will support the threat for some damaging wind gusts.
    Farther south, across western Oklahoma, shear will be very weak, but
    moderate instability and deep mixing (to around 600mb) will support
    some threat for downbursts and isolated wind gusts.

    ...Montana...
    Moderate mid-level flow is expected to overspread northern Montana
    on Thursday where a deeply mixed boundary layer (deeper than 3km) is
    forecast. While instability should be limited by meager moisture, it
    should be sufficient for a few storms. Moderate shear (25 to 30
    knots) and a deeply mixed boundary layer will support a threat for
    some severe wind gusts Thursday afternoon/evening.

    ..Bentley.. 06/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jun 25 17:41:01 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 251740
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 251739

    Day 2 Convective Outlook CORR 1
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1239 PM CDT Wed Jun 25 2025

    Valid 261200Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF
    THE SOUTHERN PLAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES...FROM THE MID-ATLANTIC TO
    THE SOUTHEAST...AND INTO FLORIDA...AND ACROSS NORTHERN MONTANA...

    CORRECTED FOR INCORRECT GRAPHIC

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong storms are possible from the central Plains to
    Lower Michigan, over parts of the Southeast, and over parts of
    Montana on Thursday. Scattered damaging gusts appears to be the main
    concern.

    ...Synopsis...
    A weak upper low will remain over Florida tomorrow, with relatively
    cool midlevel temperatures over the Southeast, although warmer
    compared to today. Otherwise, much of the east will remain beneath
    an upper ridge. Around the northern periphery of this ridge, modest
    southwest flow aloft will stretch from the central Plains into the
    Great Lakes and Northeast, with relatively warm temperatures aloft.
    To the west, a low-amplitude upper trough will push east across
    Montana.

    At the surface, an expansive area of moisture will persist from the
    central and southern Plains eastward to the Mid Atlantic, south of a
    cold front. This front will extend from KS into southern WI and
    Lower MI, and also from central NY into eastern PA.

    ...Mid Atlantic to the Southeast...
    A broad area of moderate to strong instability is forecast from the Mid-Atlantic to the Southeast on Thursday. Shear is expected to be
    very weak through the period, but moderate to strong instability and
    relatively steep mid-level lapse rates beneath the upper low will
    provide a thermodynamic environment favorable for some damaging wind
    gusts. More focused areas of strong to severe storms may exist near
    outflow boundaries from D1/Wednesday convection.

    ...Central/Southern Plains to the Great Lakes...
    Moderate to strong instability is forecast to develop along a
    frontal zone from Kansas to Wisconsin on Thursday afternoon/evening.
    Shear is expected to remain weak (20 to 25 knots), but strong
    instability will support the threat for some damaging wind gusts.
    Farther south, across western Oklahoma, shear will be very weak, but
    moderate instability and deep mixing (to around 600mb) will support
    some threat for downbursts and isolated wind gusts.

    ...Montana...
    Moderate mid-level flow is expected to overspread northern Montana
    on Thursday where a deeply mixed boundary layer (deeper than 3km) is
    forecast. While instability should be limited by meager moisture, it
    should be sufficient for a few storms. Moderate shear (25 to 30
    knots) and a deeply mixed boundary layer will support a threat for
    some severe wind gusts Thursday afternoon/evening.

    ..Bentley.. 06/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jun 26 05:33:40 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 260532
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 260530

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 AM CDT Thu Jun 26 2025

    Valid 271200Z - 281200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER THE NORTHERN
    PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms producing large hail and locally damaging winds are
    forecast over parts of the northern Plains Friday afternoon and
    evening. Sporadic damaging gusts may also occur over parts of the
    Mid Atlantic and Southeast.

    ...Synopsis...
    A low amplitude trough will move across the northern Rockies and
    into the northern Plains on Friday, with 40+ kt 500 mb winds into
    the Dakotas. As this occurs, a surface trough will develop over the
    western Dakotas, providing a focus for thunderstorms during the day.
    To the east, a weaker wave will move from lower MI into the lower
    Great Lakes, with a surface low enhancing convergence/lift. The air
    mass will remain moist and unstable over much of the central and
    eastern CONUS, supporting scattered storms over much of the area.
    The strongest instability is expected over the northern Plains in
    advance of the upper system. Otherwise, a weak upper low will remain
    over GA/FL providing cool midlevel temperatures and aiding daytime
    storm development.

    ...Northern Plains...
    Strong heating will lead to an uncapped air mass within the surface
    trough, with scattered areas of storms developing from northeast CO
    into western NE and from the western into the central Dakotas.
    Supercells are most likely across the Dakotas beneath the stronger
    flow aloft, with the strongest cells producing very large hail and
    perhaps a brief tornado. Farther south across NE, CO and KS, deep
    mixed layers should favor strong outflow and localized wind damage.
    Storms may increase again during the evening over eastern ND and
    northern MN with increasing southwest flow at 850 mb late.

    ...Southeast and Mid Atlantic...
    A weak surface trough will develop from VA across the Carolinas and
    into GA with strong heating. A moist and unstable air mass will
    again favor areas of thunderstorms beneath the upper ridge. Lapse
    rates aloft and therefore total instability will not be as strong as
    previous days, but widely scattered strong to damaging gusts may
    still occur during the afternoon across the entire region.

    ..Jewell.. 06/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jun 26 17:28:16 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 261728
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 261726

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1226 PM CDT Thu Jun 26 2025

    Valid 271200Z - 281200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS LATE FRIDAY INTO
    FRIDAY NIGHT ACROSS MUCH OF NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA INTO PARTS OF
    WESTERN MINNESOTA AND NORTH CENTRAL NEBRASKA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms, and perhaps one or two small
    organizing clusters, may impact parts of the northern Great Plains
    late Friday afternoon into Friday night, accompanied by a risk for
    severe hail and wind.

    ...Discussion...
    Although a mid to upper low is likely to linger across parts of the
    Southeast, perhaps migrating slowly northward across the northern
    Florida into Georgia vicinity, modest subtropical ridging at
    mid-levels will generally prevail across much of the central and
    southern tier of the U.S. through this period. Models indicate that
    modest mid-level westerlies will remain confined to the northern
    tier, with one embedded short wave trough forecast to slowly
    progress across the Great Lakes region. A couple of, perhaps, more
    subtle perturbations within a broader cyclonic regime are forecast
    to progress east-northeastward near and north of the Montana/North
    Dakota international border vicinity.

    In lower levels, a surface cold front, in the wake of a digging
    short wave trough well offshore of the northern Atlantic coast, may
    make further southward progress through portions of the northern Mid
    Atlantic states, before retreating northeastward late Friday through
    Friday night. Upstream, another cold front, likely into the upper
    Great Lakes vicinity and through much of the northern Great Plains
    by 12Z Friday, is forecast to continue to advance eastward across
    the Great Lakes through the remainder of the period, while the cool
    air gradually modifies from west to east across the Dakotas. In
    between and south of these boundaries, seasonably moist conditions,
    including upper 60s to 70+ F dew points, appear likely to persist
    across most areas east of the high plains.

    ...Northern Great Plains...
    Models indicate that low-level warming and moistening across the
    western into central Dakotas may contribute to strong potential
    instability by Friday afternoon, beneath warm elevated mixed-layer
    air advecting east of the northern Rockies, ahead of the broad
    approaching upstream mid-level troughing. This destabilization will
    become focused east of the modestly deep lee surface trough axis,
    along a developing warm frontal zone aided by strengthening
    differential surface heating.

    The northern periphery of the warmer and more strongly capping
    elevated mixed-layer air is forecast to nose across western through
    central South Dakota by early Friday evening.
    Lower/mid-tropospheric warm advection on the edge of this air mass
    may provide the focus for an upscale growing cluster of storms
    across north central South Dakota, or perhaps south central North
    Dakota, aided by a modestly strengthening low-level jet Friday
    evening. This would likely tend to propagate east-southeastward
    overnight, beneath strengthening westerly mid/upper flow (including
    30-40+ kt at 500 mb).

    Otherwise, widely scattered strong to severe thunderstorms,
    including a couple of supercells, may initiate near/east of the lee
    trough during the late afternoon into evening across the western
    Dakotas, and perhaps parts of north central Nebraska into
    northeastern Colorado, though this is a bit more uncertain due to
    potentially stronger mid-level inhibition.

    ...Lower Great Lakes Vicinity...
    Latest model output indicates that strengthening thunderstorm
    development is possible in a narrow pre-frontal corridor across
    parts of southwestern Ontario and southeastern Lower Michigan into
    northwestern Indiana and northwestern Ohio, near or after 28/00Z.
    Although this is after peak diurnal heating, moderately large
    residual CAPE, in the presence of southwesterly deep-layer mean flow strengthening to 20-30 kt, might become supportive of convection
    capable of producing a few locally strong to severe wind gusts,
    before storms weaken late Friday evening.

    ...Appalachians into Southeast...
    In the presence of relatively weak mid-level inhibition, forcing for
    ascent aided by orography and inland advancing sea breezes may
    support considerable diurnal thunderstorm development, as insolation
    within a seasonably moist boundary-layer contributes to moderate
    potential instability. Stronger convection will probably pose a
    risk for locally damaging downbursts, before activity weakens early
    Friday evening.

    ..Kerr.. 06/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jun 27 05:38:46 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 270534
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 270533

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1233 AM CDT Fri Jun 27 2025

    Valid 281200Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    THE NORTHERN PLAINS INTO THE UPPER MIDWEST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms will pose a risk for severe
    wind gusts and isolated large hail across parts of the northern
    Plains into the Upper Midwest Saturday afternoon into Saturday
    Night.

    ...Synopsis...
    A broad trough and stronger mid-level flow will overspread the
    northern Plains and Upper Midwest on Saturday. Weak ridging is
    expected across the Great Lakes with a weak shortwave trough
    traversing the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. At the surface, a very
    moist airmass will be in place across much of the central and
    eastern CONUS. A weak surface low will be present across the
    northern Plains with an additional surface low across southern
    Quebec. A front will connect these 2 low-pressure centers through
    the southern Great Lakes region.

    ...Northern Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Elevated thunderstorms will likely be ongoing at the beginning of
    the period across northern Minnesota at the nose of a low-level jet.
    In the wake of and southwest of this convection, moderate to strong
    instability is forecast to develop amid temperatures in the mid to
    upper 80s and dewpoints in the 70s. Weak height falls are forecast
    across the northern Plains on Saturday afternoon/evening. Isolated
    to scattered thunderstorms are likely, potentially focused on
    outflow from morning convection. Shear should be sufficient for
    supercells with any storms across North Dakota and northern
    Minnesota with weaker shear and perhaps more multicell storm mode
    across the eastern South Dakota and southern Minnesota vicinity.
    Severe wind gusts and isolated large hail will be the primary
    threat. The greatest large hail threat will be from northeast South
    Dakota to central Minnesota where the strongest overlap of shear and instability may result in a favorable zone for supercells.

    ...Mid Atlantic into the Northeast...
    Upper 60s to low 70s dewpoints are forecast from the Mid-Atlantic to
    the Northeast on Friday. Strong heating should result in moderate to potentially strong instability east of the Appalachians. Shear will
    be relatively weak across the Mid-Atlantic on Saturday with only
    weakly organized storm expected. Strong instability and scattered
    storm coverage will result in a threat for damaging wind gusts.
    Farther north, from eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey into eastern
    New York, strong shear is forecast, but instability will not be as
    great. Therefore, a few more organized storms are possible, but
    weaker heating/low-level lapse rates will likely be a limiting
    factor to a greater severe weather threat.

    ..Bentley.. 06/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jun 27 17:19:53 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 271719
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 271718

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1218 PM CDT Fri Jun 27 2025

    Valid 281200Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS SATURDAY INTO
    SATURDAY NIGHT ACROSS CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN MINNESOTA...WEST CENTRAL WISCONSIN...MUCH OF SOUTH DAKOTA AND ADJACENT PORTIONS OF NORTHERN
    NEBRASKA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms, perhaps including one or
    two organizing clusters, will pose a risk for severe hail, wind and
    perhaps a couple of tornadoes across parts of the middle Missouri
    Valley into Upper Midwest Saturday afternoon into Saturday night.

    ...Discussion...
    Models indicate that the stronger westerlies will remain confined to
    the northern mid-latitudes. There may be some amplification in the
    flow across the northeastern Pacific into British Columbia and the
    Pacific Northwest by the end of the period. However, a zonal regime
    is likely to generally persist near the Canadian/U.S. border, along
    the northern periphery of modest mid-level ridging encompassing the
    subtropics through much of the southern mid-latitudes of the U.S.

    One embedded short wave trough is still forecast to progress east of
    the lower Great Lakes vicinity, through the St. Lawrence Valley and
    northern New England, Saturday through Saturday night. Models
    indicate that this will be accompanied by an initially modest, but
    weakening, surface cyclone, with a trailing intrusion of cooler,
    drier boundary-layer air spreading southeast of the lower Great
    Lakes region toward northern Mid Atlantic coastal areas, while
    relatively cool/dry air associated with a prior intrusion is slow to
    lose influence across northern New England.

    Upstream, low-amplitude larger-scale mid-level troughing is forecast
    to progress eastward along the central Canadian/U.S. border
    vicinity, with at least a couple of embedded shorter-wavelength
    perturbations. One notable convectively generated or augmented
    perturbation may be overspreading portions of north central
    Minnesota into northern Wisconsin at the outset of the period, near
    the southern leading edge of this regime. The convectively
    reinforced trailing flank of the Great Lakes cold front may be slow
    to modify/retreat eastward across the Upper Midwest, as another
    upstream cold front advances south of the international border.

    ...Upper Midwest into northern Great Plains...
    There appears a better consensus within model output that a
    low-level baroclinic zone, generated or reinforced by convective
    outflow, may be initially stalled across the west central through
    southeastern Minnesota vicinity, in the wake of a dissipating
    cluster of storms. Thereafter, it may slowly retreat
    northeastward/eastward through the day, while also becoming a focus
    for strengthening differential heating.

    There remains at least some spread among the latest model output
    concerning the warmth of temperatures around 700 mb, near the northern/northeastern periphery of a plume of elevated mixed-layer
    air, which may continue to increase mid-level inhibition across
    South Dakota through southern Minnesota, before gradually becoming
    suppressed southward by late Saturday night. However, a belt of
    convectively augmented (30-50 Kt) southwesterly to westerly flow in
    the 850-500 mb layer is forecast to slowly overspread the low-level
    baroclinic zone through and beyond peak diurnal destabilization.

    Supported by surface dew points around or above 70 F, moderate to
    large mixed-layer CAPE appears likely to develop, coincident with a
    corridor of strong shear, including sizable clockwise curved
    low-level hodographs along the boundary. If forcing for ascent and
    heating, beneath broadly difluent mid/upper flow overspreading the
    Upper Midwest, is able to overcome inhibition, supercells posing a
    risk for severe hail and a couple of tornadoes appear possible
    across parts of central Minnesota, before perhaps growing upscale
    into an organizing cluster while propagating into west central
    Wisconsin by late Saturday evening.

    Upstream, potential convective developments remain more unclear.
    However, there appears a general signal within the model output that convection, emerging from the more deeply mixed environment across
    the high plains, could intensify while acquiring more moist and
    potentially unstable updraft inflow, along/north of a remnant
    outflow boundary or front across southern South Dakota or far
    northern Nebraska Saturday evening. Generally becoming focused
    along the periphery of the increasingly suppressed, more strongly
    capping elevated mixed-layer air, thermodynamic profiles
    characterized by steep lapse rates and large CAPE may become
    supportive of an organizing convective system, aided by forcing for
    ascent associated with warm advection.

    ...Northern Mid Atlantic into Champlain Valley vicinity...
    There remain mixed signals within the model output, including
    convection allowing guidance, concerning the extent of the
    convective potential within deepening pre-frontal surface troughing
    across the region by Saturday afternoon. The more substantive
    destabilization may remain focused across the northern Mid Atlantic,
    to the south of the better deep-layer shear. However, it still
    appears that the environment will probably become conducive to at
    least widely scattered vigorous storms accompanied by a risk for
    potentially damaging wind gusts.

    ..Kerr.. 06/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jun 27 17:49:50 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 271749
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 271748

    Day 2 Convective Outlook CORR 1
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1248 PM CDT Fri Jun 27 2025

    Valid 281200Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS SATURDAY INTO
    SATURDAY NIGHT ACROSS CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN MINNESOTA...WEST CENTRAL WISCONSIN...MUCH OF SOUTH DAKOTA AND ADJACENT PORTIONS OF NORTHERN
    NEBRASKA...

    CORRECTED FOR NDFD THUNDER GRID

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms, perhaps including one or
    two organizing clusters, will pose a risk for severe hail, wind and
    perhaps a couple of tornadoes across parts of the middle Missouri
    Valley into Upper Midwest Saturday afternoon into Saturday night.

    ...Discussion...
    Models indicate that the stronger westerlies will remain confined to
    the northern mid-latitudes. There may be some amplification in the
    flow across the northeastern Pacific into British Columbia and the
    Pacific Northwest by the end of the period. However, a zonal regime
    is likely to generally persist near the Canadian/U.S. border, along
    the northern periphery of modest mid-level ridging encompassing the
    subtropics through much of the southern mid-latitudes of the U.S.

    One embedded short wave trough is still forecast to progress east of
    the lower Great Lakes vicinity, through the St. Lawrence Valley and
    northern New England, Saturday through Saturday night. Models
    indicate that this will be accompanied by an initially modest, but
    weakening, surface cyclone, with a trailing intrusion of cooler,
    drier boundary-layer air spreading southeast of the lower Great
    Lakes region toward northern Mid Atlantic coastal areas, while
    relatively cool/dry air associated with a prior intrusion is slow to
    lose influence across northern New England.

    Upstream, low-amplitude larger-scale mid-level troughing is forecast
    to progress eastward along the central Canadian/U.S. border
    vicinity, with at least a couple of embedded shorter-wavelength
    perturbations. One notable convectively generated or augmented
    perturbation may be overspreading portions of north central
    Minnesota into northern Wisconsin at the outset of the period, near
    the southern leading edge of this regime. The convectively
    reinforced trailing flank of the Great Lakes cold front may be slow
    to modify/retreat eastward across the Upper Midwest, as another
    upstream cold front advances south of the international border.

    ...Upper Midwest into northern Great Plains...
    There appears a better consensus within model output that a
    low-level baroclinic zone, generated or reinforced by convective
    outflow, may be initially stalled across the west central through
    southeastern Minnesota vicinity, in the wake of a dissipating
    cluster of storms. Thereafter, it may slowly retreat
    northeastward/eastward through the day, while also becoming a focus
    for strengthening differential heating.

    There remains at least some spread among the latest model output
    concerning the warmth of temperatures around 700 mb, near the northern/northeastern periphery of a plume of elevated mixed-layer
    air, which may continue to increase mid-level inhibition across
    South Dakota through southern Minnesota, before gradually becoming
    suppressed southward by late Saturday night. However, a belt of
    convectively augmented (30-50 Kt) southwesterly to westerly flow in
    the 850-500 mb layer is forecast to slowly overspread the low-level
    baroclinic zone through and beyond peak diurnal destabilization.

    Supported by surface dew points around or above 70 F, moderate to
    large mixed-layer CAPE appears likely to develop, coincident with a
    corridor of strong shear, including sizable clockwise curved
    low-level hodographs along the boundary. If forcing for ascent and
    heating, beneath broadly difluent mid/upper flow overspreading the
    Upper Midwest, is able to overcome inhibition, supercells posing a
    risk for severe hail and a couple of tornadoes appear possible
    across parts of central Minnesota, before perhaps growing upscale
    into an organizing cluster while propagating into west central
    Wisconsin by late Saturday evening.

    Upstream, potential convective developments remain more unclear.
    However, there appears a general signal within the model output that convection, emerging from the more deeply mixed environment across
    the high plains, could intensify while acquiring more moist and
    potentially unstable updraft inflow, along/north of a remnant
    outflow boundary or front across southern South Dakota or far
    northern Nebraska Saturday evening. Generally becoming focused
    along the periphery of the increasingly suppressed, more strongly
    capping elevated mixed-layer air, thermodynamic profiles
    characterized by steep lapse rates and large CAPE may become
    supportive of an organizing convective system, aided by forcing for
    ascent associated with warm advection.

    ...Northern Mid Atlantic into Champlain Valley vicinity...
    There remain mixed signals within the model output, including
    convection allowing guidance, concerning the extent of the
    convective potential within deepening pre-frontal surface troughing
    across the region by Saturday afternoon. The more substantive
    destabilization may remain focused across the northern Mid Atlantic,
    to the south of the better deep-layer shear. However, it still
    appears that the environment will probably become conducive to at
    least widely scattered vigorous storms accompanied by a risk for
    potentially damaging wind gusts.

    ..Kerr.. 06/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jun 28 05:59:20 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 280558
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 280557

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1257 AM CDT Sat Jun 28 2025

    Valid 291200Z - 301200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM CENTRAL IOWA
    INTO THE WESTERN UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN....

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe storms appear possible Sunday from the
    central Great Plains into the upper Great Lakes region, with at
    least some potential for the evolution of a large, organized severe
    storm cluster across parts of the mid into lower Missouri Valley and
    central Great Plains late Sunday through Sunday night.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will amplify across the northern Plains on
    Sunday. At the surface, a cold front will advance slowly east across
    the northern Plains and Upper Midwest.

    ...Central Plains to the Upper Midwest...
    Very strong to potentially extreme instability is forecast from the
    central Plains to the Upper Midwest on Sunday. Weak tropospheric
    flow is forecast across much of Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri on
    Sunday. This should limit storm organization with only
    isolated/widely scattered severe wind gusts possible within this
    large zone of marginal risk.

    Mid-level flow is forecast to be somewhat stronger across northern
    Iowa, but still relatively weak. This may result in slightly more
    organized convection where very strong to extreme instability is
    also present. Therefore, the slight risk was expanded south to cover
    this threat, particularly since scattered to widespread storm
    coverage is anticipated. Instability will not be as strong farther
    north across Wisconsin, but stronger mid-level flow (30-35 knots)
    will be present, which may result in a few rotating updrafts and/or
    bowing line segments capable of isolated large hail and severe wind
    gusts.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...
    Moderate to strong instability is forecast to develop across
    portions of the Mid-Atlantic on Sunday. A very moist environment
    will be in place with PWAT values over 2 inches and dewpoints in the
    mid 70s. Therefore, wet microburts will be possible with the
    strongest storms which develop Sunday afternoon/evening.

    ..Bentley.. 06/28/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jun 28 17:32:43 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 281731
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 281730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Sat Jun 28 2025

    Valid 291200Z - 301200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE UPPER
    MIDWEST INTO THE LOWER MISSOURI VALLEY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe storms are possible Sunday from the
    central Plains into the upper Great Lakes region, with some
    potential for the evolution of a large, organized severe storm
    cluster across parts of the mid into lower Missouri Valley and
    central Great Plains late Sunday through Sunday night.

    ...Synopsis...
    An amplifying midlevel trough will advance east-southeastward from
    the north-central Plains toward the Upper MS Valley through the
    period. Related large-scale ascent will overspread the Middle/Upper
    MS Valley, while a related cold front moves southeastward across the
    region.

    ...Upper Midwest...
    In the wake of several overnight storm clusters and related cloud
    debris, gradual clearing should support boundary-layer
    destabilization and the development of moderate-strong surface-based
    buoyancy. As the cold front intercepts this increasing buoyancy,
    around 30 kt of deep-layer shear should favor a few organized
    clusters capable of producing widely scattered damaging wind gusts
    during the afternoon.

    ...Central Plains to the Middle/Lower Missouri Valley...
    A separate area of thunderstorms is expected along the front in IA
    and the Lower MO Valley during the late afternoon into the overnight
    hours. Ahead of these evolving storms, lower/middle 70s dewpoints
    beneath steep midlevel lapse rates will contribute to strong-extreme surface-based buoyancy. Initial storms will be capable of producing
    isolated large hail and locally severe wind gusts. However,
    strengthening deep-layer shear accompanying the digging midlevel
    trough, coupled with an increasing low-level jet, will support the
    development of a southward-moving MCS into the overnight hours. The
    Slight risk was expanded southward to account for this scenario, and
    higher wind probabilities may eventually be needed as the scenario
    becomes more clear.

    Farther west, semi-discrete storms are expected over the central
    High Plains during the afternoon. Elongated/straight hodographs and
    moderate surface-based buoyancy should favor large hail with any
    supercell structures that can develop.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...
    Despite marginal deep-layer flow/shear, diurnal heating amid deep
    tropospheric moisture (around 2 inch PW) will favor wet microbursts
    and the potential for wind damage with the stronger thunderstorms.

    ..Weinman.. 06/28/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jun 29 05:44:35 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 290544
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 290542

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1242 AM CDT Sun Jun 29 2025

    Valid 301200Z - 011200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE MIDWEST
    TO THE MID-ATLANTIC...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms are possible across parts
    of the Ohio Valley, Midwest and the Mid-Atlantic on Monday.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will amplify as it moves into the Great Lakes on
    Monday with a persistent ridge across the western CONUS and a closed
    low off the California coast. At the surface, a cold front will move
    through the Midwest and Great Lakes.

    ...Midwest into the Great Lakes...
    Moderate instability is forecast to develop ahead of a cold front
    across the western Great Lakes/Midwest Monday afternoon as
    temperatures warm into the low 80s with dewpoints in the 70s.
    Mid-level lapse rates will not be that steep, but instability and
    forcing should be sufficient to support some strong updrafts. 30 to
    40 knots of mid-level flow across the warm sector will lead to
    modest shear which could result in multicell clusters capable of
    damaging wind gusts. 00Z CAM guidance suggest the potential for
    storms ahead of and along the front with some post-frontal storms
    also possible across Wisconsin beneath the colder air aloft. This
    cooler air aloft may result in isolated large hail from the
    post-frontal storms.

    ...Mid Atlantic...
    Despite weak deep-layer flow/shear, a few wet microbursts will be
    possible east of the Appalachians during the afternoon, where steep
    low-level lapse rates will develop amid deep/rich tropospheric
    moisture (PW around 2 inches).

    ..Bentley.. 06/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jun 29 17:12:37 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 291712
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 291710

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1210 PM CDT Sun Jun 29 2025

    Valid 301200Z - 011200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PARTS OF THE
    MIDWEST INTO THE OHIO VALLEY...THE MID-ATLANTIC...AND ALONG THE CALIFORNIA/OREGON BORDER...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms remain possible across
    parts of the Ohio Valley, Midwest and the Mid-Atlantic tomorrow
    (Monday). A couple of severe thunderstorms also cannot be ruled out
    over parts of the Pacific Northwest.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will amplify while traversing the Great Lakes and
    Ohio Valley regions, as upper ridging builds over the Plains states
    and an upper-level low impinges on the California coastline tomorrow
    (Monday). A cold front will accompany the Midwest mid-level trough,
    and is poised to progress across the Mid-MS and OH Valley regions
    while draping across the southern Plains through the day. In advance
    of the cold front, adequate moisture and overall instability will be
    present to support at least scattered thunderstorms. Given the
    presence of modest vertical wind shear, a few of the storms could
    become strong to locally severe. Thunderstorms may also develop
    north of a surface low along the CA/OR border, amid an unstable
    airmass supportive of scattered strong thunderstorms.

    ...Midwest into the OH Valley...
    Preceding an advancing cold front, diurnal heating of a moist
    boundary layer, atop relatively poor mid-level lapse rates, will
    result in airmass destabilization and 1500-3000 J/kg SBCAPE by
    afternoon. While MLCINH will minimize by late morning, the poor
    mid-level lapse rates suggest that CAPE should be constrained to
    tall/thin profiles. Furthermore, unidirectional vertical wind
    profiles with little strengthening with height, should lead to
    mediocre deep-layer shear. While many scattered storms should
    develop along the cold front, and ahead in the uncapped warm sector,
    most storms should be pulse-cellular to multicellular in nature. A
    few of the stronger storms may support wet downbursts capable of
    producing localized damaging gusts.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...
    Similar to the Great Lakes/OH Valley vicinity, strong boundary-layer
    heating will quickly reduce convective inhibition and support
    scattered thunderstorm development amid weak vertical wind shear.
    2000+ J/kg of tall/thin SBCAPE will support wet downburst potential,
    and a couple of damaging wind gusts are possible.

    ...Southern Plains...
    Scattered thunderstorms should develop by afternoon peak heating
    ahead of the trailing cold front over the southern Plains. Surface
    temperatures should warm to near 90 F amid low to mid 70s F
    dewpoints, yielding as much as 3000-4000 J/kg MLCAPE given modest
    mid-level lapse rates. Though vertical wind shear should be
    relatively poor, the strong buoyancy in place may compensate to
    support wet downbursts and associated isolated severe gusts with the
    stronger storms.

    ...Northern California into Southern Oregon...
    Scattered thunderstorms will develop immediately north of a weak
    surface low, where localized forcing for ascent will be in place.
    These thunderstorms should develop atop a mixed boundary layer that
    may deepen to 600-500 mb. Furthermore, the presence of 9+ C/km lapse
    rates through the troposphere may promote enough
    thermodynamically-driven downward momentum transport to support
    isolated strong to severe wind gusts. Point forecast soundings also
    depict curved/elongated hodographs, which may support multicells and
    transient supercells with a marginal hail threat.

    ..Squitieri.. 06/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jun 30 06:00:03 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 300558
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 300556

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1256 AM CDT Mon Jun 30 2025

    Valid 011200Z - 021200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    THE MID-ATLANTIC...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe storms are possible across parts of the
    Mid-Atlantic into the Northeast on Tuesday afternoon/evening. An
    isolated severe storm may also occur over parts of the central High
    Plains.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will traverse from the Great Lakes to the
    Northeast on Tuesday. At the surface, a cold front will move from
    the Great Lakes/Ohio Valley to the Appalachians during the day and
    eventually into the Atlantic by the late evening.

    ...Carolinas to the Northeast...
    A very moist airmass will be in place ahead of the cold front on
    Tuesday. Moderate instability is expected to develop across the
    region as the boundary layer warms during the afternoon. Mid-level
    flow will only be around 20 knots across southern Virginia into the
    Carolinas. Therefore, while a few stronger storms may result in
    damaging wind gusts, overall storm organization is expected to be
    limited. From northern Virginia into the Northeast, stronger
    mid-level flow (40 to 45 knots) will support greater storm
    organization. The best overlap between the sufficient shear and
    greatest instability will be across northern Virginia into eastern
    Pennsylvania and New Jersey. A very moist profile will support
    water-loaded downdrafts capable of damaging wind producing
    microbursts. A more organized linear segment will likely result in a
    greater severe weather threat in the Mid-Atlantic region.

    A conditionally greater severe weather threat is possible farther
    northeast across Vermont/New Hampshire and vicinity. If 1500+ J/kg
    MLCAPE can develop across this region, more substantial severe
    weather is possible given the stronger shear and closer proximity to
    the surface low across southeast Canada.

    ..Bentley.. 06/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jun 30 17:31:18 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 301731
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 301729

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1229 PM CDT Mon Jun 30 2025

    Valid 011200Z - 021200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MID-ATLANTIC...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe storms are possible across parts of the
    Mid-Atlantic into the Northeast on Tuesday afternoon/evening. An
    isolated severe storm may also occur over parts of the central High
    Plains.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will traverse the Northeast as an upper ridge
    persists over the central U.S. and a mid-level low meanders over CA
    tomorrow (Tuesday). The East Coast mid-level trough will encourage
    the eastward advancement of a cold front, which will provide enough
    lift for scattered to widespread thunderstorm development across the
    Carolinas into the Northeast. Rich low-level moisture preceding the
    front will encourage enough buoyancy, amid marginal but adequate
    vertical wind shear, to support strong thunderstorms, some of which
    could be severe. A couple of strong to severe storms are possible
    along the periphery of the upper ridge over parts of the northern
    Rockies into the central High Plains.

    ...Northeast into the Southeast...
    As the surface cold front advances eastward across the eastern U.S.,
    surface temperatures will warm into the 80s F to near 90 F, amid 70+
    F dewpoints from the Southeast to the Mid-Atlantic, boosting SBCAPE
    into the 2000-3500 J/kg range by afternoon peak heating. Relatively
    poor mid-level lapse rates will limit CAPE to tall/thin profiles.
    However, the magnitude of buoyancy, combined with widespread
    thunderstorm coverage over a large area, will foster ample
    opportunity for at least isolated damaging gusts with wet
    downbursts, from the Southeast to New England. A more concentrated
    area of damaging gust potential exists over parts of the
    Mid_Atlantic, where a Category 2/Slight Risk remains in place. Here,
    line segments are expected to organize amid a region of maximum
    buoyancy and 30 kts of effective bulk shear, driven by stronger west-southwesterly mid-level flow grazing the area.

    ...Portions of the Northern Rockies...
    Mid-level monsoonal moisture is forecast to crest the upper ridge
    amid modest 500 mb west-southwesterly flow over parts of the
    Northern Rockies, where guidance consensus shows PWATs reaching 0.8
    inches in spots. High-based thunderstorms will develop by afternoon
    peak heating, atop a well-mixed boundary layer extending to 500 mb
    via inverted-v thermodynamic profiles. The aforementioned mid-level
    moisture, combined with steep tropospheric lapse rates, will support
    over 500 J/kg MLCAPE. This buoyancy may support robust enough
    updrafts and subsequent storm cores in an environment where ample
    evaporative cooling may take place to support isolated severe gusts.

    ...Central High Plains...
    Low-level upslope flow, along with strong diurnal heating, and the
    passage of a small impulse embedded in the upper ridge, will all
    serve as mechanisms for convective initiation tomorrow afternoon.
    Though storms should be isolated, they will develop amid 8 C/km low
    and mid-level lapse rates that will boost MLCAPE into the 1500-2500
    J/kg range. Modest directional vertical wind shear will support
    somewhat curved/elongated hodographs and around 35 kts of effective
    bulk shear. As such, a few multicells/transient supercells may
    develop and produce isolated severe wind/hail.

    ..Squitieri.. 06/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jul 1 05:59:03 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 010557
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 010556

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1256 AM CDT Tue Jul 01 2025

    Valid 021200Z - 031200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM EASTERN
    OREGON TO NORTHERN MONTANA AND FAR NORTHWEST NORTH DAKOTA AND FROM
    THE UPPER MIDWEST TO THE CENTRAL GREAT LAKES....

    ...SUMMARY...
    At least scattered storms are possible across a large portion of the continental U.S. on Wednesday. A couple of severe gusts may
    accompany the stronger storms over portions of the Northern Rockies
    and the Upper Midwest to central Michigan region.

    ...Synopsis...
    A ridge centered across the northern Plains will drift slowly east
    through the period. To the east of this ridge, a mid-level trough
    and associated jet streak will dig into the Great Lakes. To the west
    of this ridge, several embedded shortwave troughs are forecast
    within moderate southwesterly flow.

    ...Eastern Oregon to northern Montana and far northwest North
    Dakota...
    Scattered thunderstorms are forecast within a zone of steep
    low/mid-level lapse rates from eastern Oregon into much of Montana.
    Effective shear of 25 to 30 knots will support some storm maintenance/organization including the potential for multicell
    clusters. A hot and well-mixed boundary layer featuring 40-50F
    dewpoint depressions will support some threat for isolated severe
    wind gusts from this activity. However, weak instability should
    limit a greater severe weather threat.

    ...Upper Midwest across Lake Michigan and much of central/northern
    Lower Michigan...
    Elevated thunderstorms may be ongoing at the beginning of the period
    across eastern South Dakota/western Iowa on the nose of the
    low-level jet. This activity should weaken during the morning. Weak
    to moderate instability is forecast do develop during the afternoon
    from the Upper Midwest to northern/central Lower Michigan. A weak
    mid-level shortwave trough is forecast to move southeastward across
    this region Wednesday afternoon. As this occurs, isolated to
    potentially scattered thunderstorms are possible. 35 to 40 knots of
    mid-level flow may support some storm organization, including the
    potential for transient supercells. Isolated large hail and damaging
    wind gusts will be the primary threat.

    ..Bentley.. 07/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jul 1 17:29:49 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 011729
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 011728

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1228 PM CDT Tue Jul 01 2025

    Valid 021200Z - 031200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE NORTHERN ROCKIES AND UPPER MIDWEST INTO THE GREAT LAKES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    At least scattered storms are possible across a large portion of the continental U.S. on Wednesday. Isolated severe gusts may accompany
    the stronger storms over portions of the Northern Rockies and the
    Upper Midwest to central Michigan region.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will amplify while tracking toward New England,
    with an upper ridge poised to build over the central U.S. as another
    mid-level trough impinges on the Pacific Northwest tomorrow
    (Wednesday). Widespread, rich low-level moisture will encourage at
    least scattered thunderstorm development across much of the CONUS.
    However, the best chance for strong to isolated severe thunderstorms
    will be over parts of the Northern Rockies and the Upper
    Midwest/Great Lakes regions. Here, low-level moisture and
    instability will best overlap with modest mid-level westerly flow
    along the periphery of the upper ridge, where some vertical wind
    shear will be present to encourage storm organization.

    ...Portions of the Northern Rockies...
    Through the day, surface heating will support mixing of a dry
    boundary layer, which may deepen to 500 mb in spots. Tropospheric
    lapse rates will steepen to around 9 C/km, boosting SBCAPE into the
    500-1500 J/kg range. High-based thunderstorms should develop by
    afternoon peak heating. Modest mid-level flow along the periphery of
    the ridge will overspread the dry boundary layer, resulting in
    elongated, straight hodographs and 30 kts of effective bulk shear.
    Multicell structures or perhaps a transient supercell will be the
    likely storm modes. Given the dry boundary layer, the stronger storm
    cores may produce a few severe gusts.

    ...Upper Midwest into the Great Lakes...
    Along the eastern periphery of the upper ridge, broad northwesterly
    mid/upper flow will overspread the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes
    region during the afternoon. Modest low-level moisture and mid-level
    lapse rates will contribute to 1000-2000 J/kg MLCAPE by afternoon
    peak heating. A belt of stronger northwesterly 500 mb flow will
    overspread the Great Lakes as the eastern trough deepens in the
    18-00Z time frame, contributing to vertical speed shear and
    elongated, straight hodographs. Over 30 kts of unidirectional
    effective bulk shear will support multicells capable of producing a
    few instances of severe wind and/or hail.

    ..Squitieri.. 07/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jul 2 06:01:44 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 020601
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 020559

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1259 AM CDT Wed Jul 02 2025

    Valid 031200Z - 041200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE NORTHERN PLAINS...THE SOUTHWESTERN GREAT LAKES...AND THE
    NORTHEAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered storms capable of large hail and severe wind gusts are
    forecast across the Northeast on Thursday. Isolated severe wind
    gusts are also possible in the Northern Plains and parts of the
    Upper Midwest into the southwestern Great Lakes.

    ...Synopsis...
    A strong upper-level trough will translate slowly east across the
    central CONUS on Thursday. To the east, a strong upper-level trough
    will amplify across eastern Canada with a strong mid-level jet
    streak moving across the Northeast. Farther west, several mid-level
    troughs will traverse the southwesterly flow across the Rockies with
    widespread thunderstorm activity expected.

    ...Northeast...
    Weak to potentially moderate instability is forecast to develop
    across the Northeast on Thursday ahead of a southeastward moving
    cold front. Scattered storms are expected along and ahead of the
    surface front as forcing for ascent increases across the Northeast.
    These storms will likely be mostly multicellular due to modest shear
    and instability. However, if some greater instability can develop
    beneath the compact but strong 50 knot mid-level jet streak, a few
    supercells may also be possible. Isolated large hail and damaging
    wind gusts will be the primary threat from the storms across the
    Northeast.

    ...Southwestern Great Lakes...
    A reservoir of low to mid 70s dewpoints is forecast to develop
    across Iowa, eastern Minnesota, and Wisconsin Thursday afternoon.
    Strong heating will likely result in strong instability across the
    region. Forcing for storm development remains somewhat questionable
    at this time. However, moderate shear will support the potential
    for supercells with any storms that develop. Therefore, a
    conditionally greater severe weather threat is possible, but
    questions regarding storm coverage preclude higher probabilities at
    this time.

    ...Northern Plains...
    Strong instability is forecast to develop across the northern Plains
    on Thursday as upper 60s to low 70s dewpoints advect into western
    North Dakota. High-based thunderstorms will likely develop during
    the afternoon as a mid-level shortwave trough approaches the region.
    Effective shear will be relatively weak but steep low and mid-level
    lapse rates and strong instability will support a threat for
    isolated severe wind gusts Thursday afternoon/evening.

    ..Bentley.. 07/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jul 2 17:28:54 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 021728
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 021727

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1227 PM CDT Wed Jul 02 2025

    Valid 031200Z - 041200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THURSDAY AFTERNOON
    AND EVENING OVER PORTIONS OF THE NORTHEAST US...AND OVER PARTS OF
    NORTH DAKOTA....

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered storms capable of severe wind gusts and hail are forecast
    across the Northeast US and North Dakota on Thursday.

    ...Northeast...
    A shortwave trough currently over western Ontario will track
    southeastward across the Great Lakes on Thursday. Increasing large
    scale forcing will overspread parts of PA/NY and New England through
    the day, promoting afternoon thunderstorm development along an
    approaching cold front. A warm/humid air mass will be present ahead
    of the front, with steep low-level lapse rates and sufficient CAPE
    to pose a risk of damaging wind gusts and perhaps some hail. Given
    trends in 12z model guidance regarding thunderstorm coverage, have
    added a SLGT risk for portions of the region.

    ...ND...
    A prominent mid-level ridge will be established over the central US
    tomorrow. Model guidance suggests a subtle shortwave trough will
    track into eastern MT during the afternoon and top the ridge
    overnight. Southerly low-level winds will help to draw moisture
    northward into ND by late afternoon, resulting in a reservoir of
    strong instability. Thunderstorms are expected to develop over
    western ND posing a risk of large hail and damaging winds. Several
    12z HREF members suggest the risk of upscale growth and a bowing MCS
    tracking eastward across ND overnight.

    ...Upper MS Valley...
    A weak/diffuse low-level baroclinic zone will extend from southeast
    MN into IL on Thursday. Strengthening southwesterly low-level winds
    will enhance warm advection by early evening, leading to scattered thunderstorms. A few of these storms could be strong, posing a risk
    of gusty winds and hail.

    ..Hart.. 07/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jul 3 06:01:27 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 030601
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 030600

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Thu Jul 03 2025

    Valid 041200Z - 051200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS TO THE UPPER MIDWEST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms are expected across
    portions of the northern Plains and Upper Midwest on Friday.

    ...Synopsis...
    A strong upper-trough will move off the northeast CONUS into the
    western Atlantic on Friday. Meanwhile, a ridge will move across the
    Great Lakes with a trough across the northern Plains into the Upper
    Midwest. An additional mid-level trough will move across the
    Northwest.

    ...Central Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    As a mid-level trough moves across the northern Plains, a surface
    low will deepen across eastern North Dakota on Friday. Ahead of this
    surface low and associated cold front, strong instability is
    forecast with dewpoints in the low 70s and temperatures in the low
    80s. Widespread thunderstorm activity is anticipated along this
    frontal zone as ascent overspreads the front with an uncapped warm
    sector. Some embedded shortwave jet streaks will move through the
    southwesterly flow across the warm sector. Within these zones of
    stronger mid-level flow, shear may be more favorable and support a
    greater severe weather threat. However, the locations of these
    mesoscale regions with a more favorable environment remain uncertain
    at this time.

    ...ID/MT...
    A strong shortwave trough will track into the western states on
    Friday, promoting scattered afternoon thunderstorm development over
    parts of the northern Great Basin and northern Rockies. There is
    some concern for a few storms capable of damaging winds and hail
    over the region Friday evening, but model solutions remain to
    diverse to add a risk area at this time.

    ..Bentley.. 07/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jul 3 17:34:10 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 031733
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 031732

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1232 PM CDT Thu Jul 03 2025

    Valid 041200Z - 051200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF
    THE CENTRAL AND NORTHERN PLAINS TOWARD THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI
    VALLEY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms are expected mainly over
    the central to northern Plains, and perhaps late toward the upper
    Mississippi Valley.

    ...Synopsis...
    A trio of shortwave troughs will affect parts of the northern CONUS
    on Friday, with widely-scattered strong to severe storms most likely
    with the system moving across the Plains. This wave will lift
    northeastward out of the high Plains during the day, with temporary
    shortwave ridging over the upper MS Valley. Temperatures aloft will
    remain relatively warm, though some cooling will occur over the
    western Dakotas and NE.

    At the surface, a cold front will slowly develop into the western
    Dakotas during the day, with a trough extending southward along the
    CO/KS border. This front will push into NE and western MN overnight, maintaining a focus for continues storms. Southerly winds will
    maintain substantial low-level moisture ahead of the front with
    dewpoints from the mid 60s to lower 70s F contributing to moderate
    overall instability.

    ...Dakotas into MN...
    Storms are likely to develop near the surface trough from central NE
    into SD, and especially near the cold front over ND where lift will
    be strongest. Instability will also be stronger from ND into
    northern MN, and mixed storms modes may produce both damaging gusts
    and isolated hail. This activity will likely persist through the
    nigh across much of western and northern MN, with perhaps more
    isolated storms persisting farther south into southern MN/western
    IA.

    ...NE into western KS...
    Strong heating and low-level convergence within the surface trough
    will combine with a moist air mass and support least isolated
    afternoon storms from far eastern CO into western KS and vicinity.
    Shear will be weak, with veering winds with height supporting southeastward-propagating storms capable of locally strong gusts.

    ..Jewell.. 07/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jul 4 05:58:43 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 040558
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 040557

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1257 AM CDT Fri Jul 04 2025

    Valid 051200Z - 061200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE NORTHERN HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms are likely across portions of the northern
    High Plains tomorrow (Saturday), with hail and wind being the main
    concerns. Isolated damaging gusts may also accompany the stronger
    storms over the Upper Midwest.

    ...Synopsis...
    Generally zonal mid-level flow will overspread the northern CONUS as
    an upper trough impinges on the West Coast tomorrow (Saturday). A
    pair of mid-level impulses will traverse the zonal flow, with one
    impulse passing over the Great Lakes as the other impulse ejects
    into the Northern High Plains. Over both locations, adequate
    moisture and instability will be in place to support strong
    thunderstorms. The best chance for severe thunderstorms will be over
    the northern High Plains, where stronger vertical wind shear will
    encourage storm organization.

    ...Northern into the central High Plains...
    A belt of strong westerly 500 mb flow will overspread MT into the
    northern High Plains Saturday afternoon with the passage of the
    aforementioned mid-level impulse. A surface low will develop
    somewhere across northern WY into southern MT, promoting moist
    southeasterly low-level flow beneath the stronger mid-level
    westerlies, resulting in over 50 kts of effective bulk shear.
    Adequate low-level moisture, overspread by 8+ C/km low to mid-level
    lapse rates, will boost MLCAPE to over 2000 J/kg in spots. The
    moderate instability and strong deep-layer shear will promote
    supercells and bowing segments capable of producing some severe wind
    and hail. A tornado is also possible with the longer-lived, dominant supercells.

    Farther south into the central High Plains, deep-layer ascent and
    shear should be considerably weaker, resulting in a lower coverage
    of relatively less organized multicellular clusters. Storms here
    should be high-based, overspreading a dry boundary layer deepening
    into the 700-500 mb range by afternoon peak heating. Isolated severe
    gusts are possible with the stronger multicellular clusters, and an
    instance or two of severe hail cannot be ruled out.

    ...Great Lakes into the central Plains...
    A weak surface cold front, associated with a surface low over the
    Great Lakes, will progress southeastward across the western Great
    Lakes into the central Plains as the eastern mid-level impulse
    glances by to the north. Flow closer to the surface and aloft, and
    thus vertical wind shear, will not be overly strong ahead of the
    front. However, rich low-level moisture amid afternoon surface
    heating will promote 2000-3000 J/kg MLCAPE and minimal convective
    inhibition. Scattered multicells should develop along/ahead of the
    front through the afternoon, the stronger storms of which may
    produce wet downbursts and accompanying isolated damaging gusts.

    ..Squitieri.. 07/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jul 4 16:47:05 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 041647
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 041645

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1145 AM CDT Fri Jul 04 2025

    Valid 051200Z - 061200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ON SATURDAY FROM
    CENTRAL MONTANA AND NORTHEAST WYOMING INTO THE WESTERN DAKOTAS AND
    THE NEBRASKA PANHANDLE...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms are likely across portions of the northern
    High Plains tomorrow (Saturday), with hail and wind being the main
    concerns. Isolated damaging gusts may also accompany the stronger
    storms over the Upper Midwest.

    ...Northern High Plains...
    The prominent shortwave trough currently tracking across southeast
    OR will top the ridge over the northern High Plains on Saturday. As
    this happens, large scale forcing will overspread much of eastern
    MT/WY into the Dakotas. Deep southeasterly low-level winds into
    this region will result in a corridor of moderate instability from
    northeast WY into central MT, where steep low and mid-level lapse
    rates will contribute to MLCAPE values over 2000 J/kg.
    Thunderstorms will begin increasing by early afternoon, with storms
    spreading into the Dakotas by evening. Supercells and bowing
    structures are expected, with a risk of large hail and damaging wind
    gusts.

    ...Upper Midwest...
    Current water vapor loop shows a weak shortwave trough over eastern
    WY. This feature will strengthen and move into the upper Midwest
    tomorrow. A surface cold front will extend from northeast IA into
    central WI by afternoon, providing the focus for scattered
    thunderstorm development. Mid-level lapse rates will be weak, but
    ample low-level moisture should provide sufficient CAPE for a few
    strong storms capable of gusty/damaging winds. A few of the 12z CAM
    solutions suggest a few organized storm clusters and some potential
    for a zone of greater severe concern from northeast IA into
    southwest WI. Will maintain MRGL risk for now, but monitor for an
    upgrade in later outlooks.

    ...Southern High Plains...
    Scattered afternoon thunderstorms are expected on Saturday across
    much of the southern High Plains from eastern CO into southwest KS,
    the TX Panhandle, and eastern NM. Forecast soundings show steep
    low-level lapse rates and sufficient northwest flow aloft for some
    convective organization. Multiple clusters of storms capable of
    gusty/damaging winds and hail are expected. Parts of this region
    may need an upgrade to SLGT as mesoscale details become more clear.

    ..Hart.. 07/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jul 5 05:58:34 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 050557
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 050555

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1255 AM CDT Sat Jul 05 2025

    Valid 061200Z - 071200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Storms may produce severe wind and hail along the central High
    Plains tomorrow (Sunday). A few instances of 2+ inch diameter hail
    and 75+ mph wind gusts are possible.

    ...Synopsis...
    Mainly zonal upper flow will become established over the northern
    CONUS, with multiple embedded impulses poised to traverse the zonal
    flow through the day tomorrow (Sunday). The best chance for strong
    storms will be associated with mid-level impulses impinging on the
    High Plains and New England Sunday afternoon. Ample moisture and
    associated instability will precede the impulses, that combined with
    adequate vertical wind shear, will support storm organization, some
    of which could be severe.

    ...Maine...
    A belt of 50 kt westerly 500 mb flow will overspread southeast
    Quebec into Maine Sunday afternoon with the overhead passage of a
    mid-level impulse. Surface lee troughing over Maine will serve as an
    impetus for thunderstorm initiation during the afternoon, when
    surface temperatures/dewpoints in the low 80s/upper 60s F will boost
    MLCAPE to over 1000 J/kg. Modestly curved, sizeable low-level
    hodographs suggest that multicells and supercells will be the main
    storm mode, possibly accompanied by damaging gusts.

    ...Central and Southern High Plains...
    Low-level upslope flow will encourage the northwestward advection of
    60s F surface dewpoints into the higher terrain of the High Plains
    Sunday afternoon, beneath 8-9 C/km 700-500 mb lapse rates. Moderate
    to strong instability will manifest, with over 3000 J/kg MLCAPE
    possible. Storms will initiate over the higher terrain, amid
    straight hodographs, contributing to splitting supercell potential.
    By evening, the southeasterly surface flow will be overspread by a strengthening southerly low-level jet, with flow quickly veering to
    westerly in the 700-500 mb layer. This directional shear will
    support curved low-level hodographs with continued supercell
    potential, before storms merge into an MCS by evening. While in the
    supercell phase, a few instances of severe hail (perhaps an instance
    or two of 2+ inch diameter hail) are possible, along with severe
    gusts and perhaps a tornado. By the time storms merge into an MCS,
    severe gusts will become the primary threat, and a few gusts
    exceeding 75 mph will be possible. Higher severe probabilities may
    be needed if confidence increases in a longer-lived, severe-wind
    producing MCS developing.

    Farther south into the southern High Plains, storm coverage should
    be relatively less, with multicells becoming outflow dominant more
    quickly given weaker vertical wind shear compared to the central
    High Plains. Nonetheless, an instance or two of hail is possible,
    along with severe gusts, especially with multicellular cold-pool
    mergers.

    ...Coastal Carolinas...
    A tropical storm is forecast to make landfall along the Carolina
    coastline at the start of the Day 2 period/12Z Sunday (please see
    the National Hurricane Center's advisories for more information on
    the progression of Tropical Depression 3). A deeply moist
    troposphere will accompany the land-falling TC, with MLCAPE
    approaching the 750-1000 J/kg range. Nonetheless, the vertical wind
    fields associated with this land-falling tropical storm are expected
    to quickly weaken, along with vertical wind shear. As such, while
    the risk for a brief tornado is technically non-zero, confidence in
    any robust tornado coverage is too low for the introduction of 2
    percent or greater tornado probabilities at this time.

    ..Squitieri.. 07/05/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jul 5 17:27:28 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 051726
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 051725

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1225 PM CDT Sat Jul 05 2025

    Valid 061200Z - 071200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER MUCH OF THE
    CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Storms may produce severe wind and hail along the central High
    Plains on Sunday. A few instances of 2+ inch diameter hail and 75+
    mph wind gusts are possible.

    ...Central Plains...
    A shortwave trough will dive southeastward across the northern
    Rockies late in the day, with 35-40 kt midlevel wind speeds
    extending as far south as northern CO and western NE. Temperatures
    aloft will also be cool, resulting in steep lapse rates.

    While high pressure will exist over the northern Plains, a gradually
    deepening surface trough over the High Plains will lead to westward
    moisture advection with mid 50s F dewpoints into eastern WY and CO,
    and 60s F just east. Combined with daytime heating and cool profiles
    aloft, substantial instability will support severe storms, with
    localized significant hail or wind reports.

    Storms will form after about 21Z from southeast WY toward the Front
    Range, producing large hail. With time, activity may develop into a
    severe MCS, proceeding east/southeast into western KS. Aiding
    forward propagation will be strengthening southeast winds at 850 mb
    after 00Z, with continued unstable storm-relative inflow.

    ...Maine...
    Moderate 40-50 kt midlevel winds will persist over region, perhaps
    with a very low amplitude wave skirting across southern Quebec and
    Maine during the late afternoon. A slow-moving cold front appears
    properly timed to support diurnal storm development, as MUCAPE peaks
    at around 1500 J/kg. Given relatively poor lapse rates aloft, but
    moderate mean winds, fast-moving cells will be possible, with a few
    damaging gusts.

    ...MO into central IL and IN...
    A minor disturbance aloft will affect the region, atop an elongated
    surface trough extending from the lower Great Lakes southwestward
    into MO. Thunderstorms will develop during the day as the air mass
    will remain moist and unstable, with over 2000 J/kg MUCAPE present.
    However, overall profiles appear on the cloudy/high RH side, and
    boundary layer heating/lapse rates will not be particularly steep.
    As such, while gusty outflows will be present with afternoon through
    evening, the severe risk seems low. Small hail cannot be ruled out
    in the strongest of cells near peak heating.

    ...Parts of the eastern Carolinas...
    Convection associated with TS Chantal will move from eastern SC
    across eastern NC during the day, with enhanced low-level wind
    fields and 0-1 SRH around 100-150 m2/s2. Given the sufficiently
    unstable air mass, this could support an isolated/brief tornado risk
    during the day with convection feeding in east of the track.

    ..Jewell.. 07/05/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jul 6 05:49:20 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 060549
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 060547

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1247 AM CDT Sun Jul 06 2025

    Valid 071200Z - 081200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS FAR
    NORTHEAST COLORADO INTO WESTERN NEBRASKA AND EXTREME SOUTHERN SOUTH
    DAKOTA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms are likely across the central Plains tomorrow
    (Monday). Severe wind and hail are the main threats. Isolated strong
    to potentially severe storms are also possible from parts of New
    York into Maine.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will eject into the Plains states as upper
    troughing persists across the Northeast and West Coast tomorrow
    (Monday). Surface lee troughs will develop over the central Plains
    and New England, which will encourage at least scattered
    thunderstorm development over both regions. Across the Plains,
    strong instability and appreciable vertical wind shear will be in
    place to support severe thunderstorms. Isolated strong to severe
    thunderstorms will also be possible over portions of the northern
    Appalachians.

    ...Northern Appalachians...
    By afternoon peak heating, surface temperatures should rise into the
    70s F amid 70 F dewpoints, boosting MLCAPE to 2000 J/kg given the
    deep, rich low-level moisture in place. Modest westerly flow aloft
    will overspread the region as a mid-level trough glances the area,
    supporting 25-35 kts of effective bulk shear/straight hodographs.
    Some of the strongest storms may become organized multicells capable
    of producing isolated damaging gusts.

    ...Central High Plains into the Northern Plains...
    Surface lee troughing will encourage continued northward low-level
    moisture advection beneath 8.5+ C/km 700-500 mb lapse rates through
    the day, boosting MLCAPE into the 2000-3000 J/kg range by afternoon
    peak heating. As evening approaches, strengthening of the southerly
    low-level jet should ensue beneath westerly 500 mb flow, resulting
    in enlarged, curved hodographs and 35+ kts of effective bulk shear.
    The more robust storms that develop should be initially
    supercellular, accompanied by a severe wind/hail threat. An instance
    or two of 2+ inch diameter hail and/or a tornado may occur. Several
    storms are expected to develop along/ahead of the surface trough
    from the central High Plains into the northern Plains by evening,
    with cold pool mergers most likely across western NE. Here, an MCS
    may develop and produce a more focused swath of severe gusts, hence
    the Category 3/Enhanced risk. Multicell clusters may also develop as
    far northeast as MN and southwest as northeast NM, all of which may
    produce at least isolated severe gusts.

    ..Squitieri.. 07/06/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jul 6 17:30:49 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 061730
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 061729

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1229 PM CDT Sun Jul 06 2025

    Valid 071200Z - 081200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER MUCH OF
    CENTRAL NEBRASKA AND SMALL PARTS OF SURROUNDING STATES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe storms are likely across the central Plains on
    Monday. Damaging wind and hail are the main threats. Isolated strong
    to potentially severe storms are also possible from parts of New
    York into Maine.

    ...Central High Plains into the northern Plains...
    A shortwave trough will move east/southeast across the northern
    Plains and into the mid MO to upper MS Valley on Monday, with
    moderate northwest winds aloft. Midlevel temperatures will also be
    relatively cool, with -10 C at 500 mb as far south as KS.

    At the surface, a trough will develop from central SD into western
    NE and northeast CO, while southerly winds aid air mass recovery
    across the region. Storms will likely develop both along a cold
    front over the Dakotas, and extending southward as activity develops
    off the Front Range.

    Forecast soundings indicate over 2000 J/kg is likely over much of
    the warm sector, which will support strong to severe storms. A few
    supercells will be possible initially with large hail and even a
    brief tornado, before storms congeal into an MCS during the evening
    with damaging winds likely.

    ...Parts of the Lower Great Lakes and Northeast...
    As a low-amplitude wave moves across Ontario and Quebec, height
    tendencies will remain rather neutral over the Northeast during the
    day. A surface trough and front will stretch roughly along the
    Canadian border, with upper 60s F dewpoints common.

    Daytime heating will lead to around 1000-1500 J/kg MLCAPE, and
    storms are likely to form within this moist and uncapped air mass
    from western NY into northern New England. Modest 30 kt midlevel
    westerlies and favorable time of day with a deepening mixed boundary
    layer may support locally strong gusts capable of damage.

    ..Jewell.. 07/06/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jul 7 05:55:21 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 070555
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 070553

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1253 AM CDT Mon Jul 07 2025

    Valid 081200Z - 091200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS TOWARD THE MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...AND THE
    CAROLINAS INTO THE NORTHEAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few strong storms capable of isolated damaging gusts are possible
    from the Southern Plains into the Mid-Mississippi Valley, and from
    the Carolinas into the Northeast tomorrow (Tuesday).

    ...Synopsis...
    An upper ridge will persist across the Southwest as mid-level
    troughs impinge on the OH Valleys and the West Coast tomorrow
    (Tuesday). Weak surface troughs will be positioned over the
    Northeast and MS Valley into the southern Plains by afternoon,
    promoting lift of a moist low-level airmass. Enough buoyancy will be
    in place, amid modest vertical wind shear, to promote the
    development of organized thunderstorms, some of which could be
    strong to potentially severe.

    ...Carolinas into southern New England...
    Scattered thunderstorms will develop by early afternoon, as surface temperatures warm well into the 80s F amid 70+ F dewpoints, eroding
    MLCINH and boosting MLCAPE to 2000-3000 J/kg. Poor mid-level lapse
    rates will result in the aforementioned buoyancy being constrained
    to tall/thin profiles, amid 15-25 kts of effective bulk shear. The
    stronger storms should be multicellular, capable of mainly damaging
    gusts.

    ...Mid-MS Valley into the southern Plains...
    Scattered to potentially widespread thunderstorms will develop
    during the afternoon given the abundance of low-level moisture and
    minimal convective inhibition. Storm development is particularly
    likely along leftover boundaries from preceding storms on Day 1.
    Surface temperatures approaching 90 F, with dewpoints exceeding 70
    F, will contribute to over 2000 J/kg MLCAPE given 7 C/km mid-level
    lapse rates. As the mid-level trough moves away toward the OH
    Valley, mid-level flow will shift to northwesterly, above southerly
    low-level winds, contributing to 25 kts of effective bulk shear.
    Multiple merging multicells may form one or more southward-moving
    MCSs capable of producing a few strong to severe gusts.

    ...Central to Southern High Plains...
    Weak upslope flow of 60 F surface dewpoints, from the southeast,
    beneath northwesterly flow and 8-9 C/km 700-500 mb lapse rates, will
    yield 1500+ J/kg MLCAPE amid straight hodographs and 35 kts of
    effective bulk shear. By afternoon peak heating, isolated supercell
    will move off of the higher terrain, accompanied by an isolated
    severe wind/hail threat.

    ..Squitieri.. 07/07/2025

    $$

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